THIRD DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 110872, April 18, 1997 ]PEOPLE v. ALEX GARMA +
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. ALEX GARMA, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
D E C I S I O N
PEOPLE v. ALEX GARMA +
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. ALEX GARMA, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
D E C I S I O N
FRANCISCO, J.:
At around 8:00 o'clock in the evening of December 2, 1987, while Herminigildo Isidro was gathering hay just a few meters away from their house in Sitio Alinaay, Baguingao, Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, he heard two shots fired in succession.[1]
Seconds later, he then heard his uncle Sixto Selma cry: "Remy [referring to Herminigildo] arayatennakman" or Remy, will you come to my rescue."[2] Believing that Sixto has been shot and that the assailants were still in the vicinity, Herminigildo
immediately ran toward their house to inform his relatives of what he heard.[3]
Maria Isidro, Sixto's sister, also heard the gunshots and Sixto's subsequent call for assistance.[4] She forthwith awakened Gil Morales,[5] her son-in-law, who, with Perlita Gazmen-Selma, thereafter sought assistance from Councilor Jose Ardesani.[6] The latter, however, refused to extend assistance as he was himself "afraid" of the assailants.[7] Thus, left with no further alternatives, Gil, Perlita, Herminigildo and Maria, mustered all their courage together and proceeded to the place from where they heard Sixto moaning. They found the area deserted with Sixto lying on the ground wounded.[8] Upon seeing them, Sixto promptly complained: "I am hit"; and when asked by Herminigildo about the identity of the assailant, Sixto replied: "They were three (3) but I recognize[d] only Alex Garma." [9]
Sixto was rushed to the nearby Pura Clinic, but was transferred to Gabriela Silang General Hospital in Tanog, Vigan, Ilocos Sur where he expired at around 12:00 o'clock in the same evening.[10] The cause of his death: "Cardio respiratory arrest x x x [due] to hypovolemic shock x x x to massive hemorrhage x x x to multiple gunshot wound."[11]
On the basis of the separate sworn statements executed by Herminigildo and Gil, appellant and an unidentified accused, were thereafter charged with Murder in an Information that reads:
The case is now certified to us by the Court of Appeals in accordance with Rule 124, Section 13 of the Rules of Court,[15] in relation to Article VIII, Section 5, paragraph (2), subparagraph (d) of the 1987 Constitution.[16]
It is evident that appellant's conviction was predicated principally on the statement uttered by Sixto hours before his death, identifying appellant as one of the assailants. Said statement was testified to by four (4) prosecution witnesses, namely: (1) Herminigildo Aquino; (2) Gil Morales; (3) Maria Isidro; and (4) Perlita Gazmen-Selma, who all claimed to have heard Sixto's revelation when they found him lying on the ground-wounded. The trial court admitted such statement as part of res gestae, while the Court of Appeals considered the same as both part of res gestae and dying declaration.
We agree with the Court of Appeals that the statement of Sixto uttered shortly after the assault and hours before his death identifying the appellant as one of the assailants, qualifies both as dying declaration and as part of res gestae. To elaborate, there are four (4) requisites which must concur in order that a dying declaration may be admissible in evidence, to wit: (a) it must concern the crime and the surrounding circumstances of the declarant's death; (b) at the time it was made, the declarant was under a consciousness of an impending death; (c) the declarant was competent as a witness; and (d) the declaration was offered in a criminal case for homicide, murder or parricide in which the decedent was the victim.[17]
In this case, the foregoing requirements are undoubtedly present. First, Sixto's statement that "they were three (3) but I recognize[d] only Alex Garma," is a statement of the surrounding circumstances of his death as the same refers to the identity of his assailants. Second, Sixto gave such declaration under the consciousness of an impending death as shown by the serious nature of his wounds,[18] which in fact resulted in his death several hours later.[19] Third, prior to his death, Sixto was competent to be a witness in court. And fourth, Sixto's dying declaration is offered in a criminal prosecution for murder where he was himself the victim.
On the other hand, there can be no plausible objection against its admissibility as part of res gestae even if said statement was uttered by Sixto in response to a question posed by Herminigildo about the identity of the assailants.[20] This is because, the record bespeaks that such statement was made right after the shooting incident and before Sixto had the opportunity to contrive or devise a falsehood.[21]
Appellant interposes alibi as defense. According to him, from 7:00 to 10:00 o'clock in the evening of December 2, 1987, he watched television programs in the house of his grandfather Sotero Garma.[22] Corroborating appellant's testimony were those of Edilberto Califlores,[23] Simeon Sonido,[24] Maximo Pacis[25] and David Garma[26]-who all confirmed appellant's presence in Sotero's house during the night Sixto was gunned down. We are not persuaded. In the face of appellant's positive identification by the victim as one of the authors of the crime, his defense of alibi necessarily collapses. It is a settled rule that alibi can not prevail over a positive identification.[27]
Appellant also impugns the credibility of the prosecution witnesses contending that their testimonies are inconsistent with each other in that: (1) Herminigildo and Gil testified that moments before his death, Sixto uttered that "he cannot survive," while Maria and Perlita did not recount such a remark; and (2) Maria and Perlita affirmed that the killing was triggered by the previous altercation between Sixto and appellant about the hay which, however, was not disclosed by Herminigildo and Gil.[28]
To our mind, these alleged inconsistencies are not that material so as to cast serious doubts on the witnesses' credibility.[29] As correctly ruled by the Court of Appeals, these alleged inconsistencies are merely minor ones, attributable as they are, to the frailty of human memory at times. Neither can it be successfully argued that since the prosecution witnesses "could not give the definite words of Sixto,"[30] then their testimonies should have been taken with a grain of salt. A witness testifying on the dying declaration of the deceased need not reproduce exactly the words of the deceased as long as he is able to give its substance.[31] At any rate, the trial court which had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of herein prosecution witnesses found that their testimonies rang "with truth and sincerity."[32] We find no cogent reason to hold otherwise.
However, we agree with the appellant that both the trial court and the Court of Appeals erred in appreciating the qualifying circumstance of treachery against him. Our settled rule is that treachery cannot be presumed,[33] but must be proved by clear and convincing evidence, or as conclusively as the killing itself.[34] In this case, the trial court declared that the shooting of Sixto was "sudden and unexpected,"[35] which cavalier pronouncement finds no basis from the record as there was no one who testified to such manner of assault described by the trial court.
Neither may the presence of treachery be simply assumed, as what the Court of Appeals apparently did, from the mere fact that the fatal wounds were found at the back of Sixto. The location of the fatal wounds does not, by itself, compel a finding of treachery.[36] Such a finding must be based on some positive proof, and not be merely an inference drawn more or less logically from hypothetical facts.[37]
In fine, we hold that appellant is nonetheless guilty, albeit of the crime of homicide only. Appellant's guilt has been proven by the prosecution through the dying declaration of the victim himself which evidence, we must stress, is an evidence of the highest order.[38]
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the decision appealed from is hereby MODIFIED. We find appellant ALEX GARMA guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of HOMICIDE. Considering the absence of any mitigating or aggravating circumstance and applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law in his favor, appellant is hereby sentenced to suffer an indeterminate penalty ranging from Ten (10) years and One (1) day of Prision Mayor, as minimum, to Sixteen (16) years, Two (2) months and One (1) day of Reclusion temporal, as maximum. The civil indemnity awarded by the Court of Appeals for the death of Sixto Selma in the amount of P50,000.00 is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Narvasa, C.J. (Chairman), Davide, Jr., Melo, and Panganiban, JJ., concur.
[1],TSN Herminigildo Isidro, February 16, 1988, pp. 3-4, 6.
[2] TSN Herminigildo Isidro, March 10, 1988, pp. 9-10.
[3] Id.
[4] TSN, Maria Isidro, July 8, 1988, p. 7.
[5] TSN, Maria Isidro, June 6, 1988, p. 4; See also TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 4.
[6] Councilor Ardesani's house is just 70 meters away from Sixto's house; see TSN, Herminigildo Isidro, March 10, 1988, p. 8.
[7] TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 5; TSN, Perlita Gazmen-Selma, November 15, 1988, p. 8.
[8] TSN, Herminigildo Aquino, March 10, 1988, pp. 13-14.
[9] Id, pp. 15-16; See also TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 6; TSN, Maria Isidro, June 6, 1988, p. 5; TSN, Perlita Gazmen-Selma, October 11, 1988, p. 9.
[10] TSN, Dr. Benjamin Tolentino, December 1, 1988.
[11] Exhibit "D"; Record, p. 77
[12] Information Dated January 20, 1988; Record, p. 1.
[13] Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Ilocos Sur, First Judicial Region, Branch 24, Decision dated 4 December 4, 1989, penned by Judge Florencio A. Ruiz, Jr.; Record, p. 108-115.
[14] Court of Appeals, Sixth Division, Decision promulgated July 14, 1993, penned by Associate Justice Asaali S. Isnani and concurred in by now Presiding Justice Nathanael P. De Pano, Jr. and Associate Justice Lourdes K. Tayao-Jaguros, p. 4; Court of Appeals Rollo, p. 55.
[15] Rule 124, Section 13. Quorum of the Court.
xxx xxx xxx
xxx xxx xxx
[17] People v. Elizaga et. al., 167 SCRA 516, 520 (1988); People v. Lanza, 94 SCRA 613 (1979); People v. Saliling et. al., 69 SCRA 427 (1976).
[18] "AUTOPSY REPORT
December 3, 1987
x x x x x x x x x
"A. Gunshot Wound - 0.5 cm. Point of Entry
Right peravertal line-
Level thoracic 10
Penetrating
Point of Exit - 1 cm. right parasternal line,
9th Intercostal Space.
"B. Gunshot Wound - 0.5 cm. Point of Entry
Right paravertal line-
Level lumbar 3
Point of Exit - Right subcostal area
"C. 1 cm. laceration at the inferior lobe of the lung.
"D. Avulsion of the dome of the right lobe of the liver together with the diaphram transected hepatic vein.
"E. 0.5 - 1 cm., perforation at the transverse colon, ascending colon
"F. Massive hemothorax (R) - 2 liters of blood evacuated.
"G. Massive herroperitinium - 2 liters of blood evacuated.
x x x x x x x x x
Sgd. BENJAMIN TOLENTINO, M. D.
Resident Physician"
[19] People v. De Gracia, 18 SCRA 197 (1966); People v. Cortez, 6 SCRA 408 (1962), citing People v. Chan, 50 Phil 182 and People v. Andia et. al., G.R. No. L-14862, May 31, 1961; People v. Abedosa, 53 Phil 788; See Moran, Rules of Court of the Philippines, Volume 5, p. 297; See also Martin, Rules Court in the Philippines With Notes and Comments, Volume 5, p. 295.
[20] People v De Gracia, 18 SCRA 197 (1966); People v. Sampang, Jr. et. al.; 16 SCRA 531 (1966).
[21] People v. Masangkay, 157 SCRA 320 (1988).
[22] TSN, Alex Garma, August 23, 1989, pp. 5-6.
[23] TSN, Edilberto Califlores, March 20, 1989, p. 5.
[24] TSN, Simeon Sonido, June 5, 1989, p. 4.
[25] TSN, Maximo Pacis, July 12, 1989, p. 6.
[26] TSN, David Garma, July 14, 1989, p. 3.
[27] People v. Marapao, 188 SCRA 243; People v. Azugue, G.R. No. 110098, February 26, 1997.
[28] Appellant's Brief Dated October 22, 1990, p. 10; Court of Appeals' Rollo, p., 54.28
[29] People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 517, 525 (1996), citing People v. Irenea, 164 SCRA 121 (1988) and People v. Cariño, 165 SCRA 664 (1988).
[30] Appellant's Brief, Court of Appeals' Rollo, p., 54.
[31] People v. Odencio, 88 SCRA 1, 6 (1979), See Moran's Comments on the Rules of Court, Volume V, p. 302, citing People v. Chin Mok Sow, 51 Cal., 597 and Roberts v. State, 5 Tex. App. 141.
[32] RTC Decision, p. 6; Record, p. 113.
[33] People v. Elmer Belga, G.R. Nos. 943766-77, July 11, 1996; People v. Tiozon, 198 SCRA 368 (1991); People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[34] People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 514, 529 (1996), citing People v. Tiozon, 198 SCRA 368, 388 (1991) and People v. Agcaoili, 206 SCRA 606 (1992); See People v. Wilson Villanueva, G.R. No. 116610, December 2, 1996.
[35] RTC Decision, p. 8; Record, p. 115.
[36] People v. Elmer Belga, G.R. Nos. 943766-77, July 11, 1996; People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[37] People v. Morin, 241 SCRA 709, 717, citing U.S. v. Rana, 4 Phil. 231; People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[38] People v. Montilla, 211 SCRA 119 (1992), citing People v. Almeda, 124 SCRA 486 (1983).
Maria Isidro, Sixto's sister, also heard the gunshots and Sixto's subsequent call for assistance.[4] She forthwith awakened Gil Morales,[5] her son-in-law, who, with Perlita Gazmen-Selma, thereafter sought assistance from Councilor Jose Ardesani.[6] The latter, however, refused to extend assistance as he was himself "afraid" of the assailants.[7] Thus, left with no further alternatives, Gil, Perlita, Herminigildo and Maria, mustered all their courage together and proceeded to the place from where they heard Sixto moaning. They found the area deserted with Sixto lying on the ground wounded.[8] Upon seeing them, Sixto promptly complained: "I am hit"; and when asked by Herminigildo about the identity of the assailant, Sixto replied: "They were three (3) but I recognize[d] only Alex Garma." [9]
Sixto was rushed to the nearby Pura Clinic, but was transferred to Gabriela Silang General Hospital in Tanog, Vigan, Ilocos Sur where he expired at around 12:00 o'clock in the same evening.[10] The cause of his death: "Cardio respiratory arrest x x x [due] to hypovolemic shock x x x to massive hemorrhage x x x to multiple gunshot wound."[11]
On the basis of the separate sworn statements executed by Herminigildo and Gil, appellant and an unidentified accused, were thereafter charged with Murder in an Information that reads:
"That on or about the 2nd day of December, 1987, in the [M]unicipality of Cabugao, [P]rovince of Ilocos Sur, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and confederating together and helping one another, with treachery and evident premeditation, and with intent to kill, did then and there wilfully (sic), unlawfully and feloniously assault, attack and shoot with the use of illegally possessed firearm one Sixto Selma, thereby inflicting upon the latter mortal wound on his body, which wound necessarily produced the death of said Sixto Selma, few hours later."[12]Appellant pleaded not guilty when arraigned. Trial ensued. On December 4, 1989, the trial court handed down a verdict of conviction sentencing the appellant to suffer ten (10) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as minimum, to eighteen (18) years, eight (8) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal, as maximum. The trial court likewise directed the appellant to indemnify Sixto's heirs in the amount of P30,000.00.[13] On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the findings of the trial court, except for the penalty imposed and the amount of civil indemnity awarded which the Court of Appeals increased to reclusion perpetua and P50,000.00, respectively.[14]
The case is now certified to us by the Court of Appeals in accordance with Rule 124, Section 13 of the Rules of Court,[15] in relation to Article VIII, Section 5, paragraph (2), subparagraph (d) of the 1987 Constitution.[16]
It is evident that appellant's conviction was predicated principally on the statement uttered by Sixto hours before his death, identifying appellant as one of the assailants. Said statement was testified to by four (4) prosecution witnesses, namely: (1) Herminigildo Aquino; (2) Gil Morales; (3) Maria Isidro; and (4) Perlita Gazmen-Selma, who all claimed to have heard Sixto's revelation when they found him lying on the ground-wounded. The trial court admitted such statement as part of res gestae, while the Court of Appeals considered the same as both part of res gestae and dying declaration.
We agree with the Court of Appeals that the statement of Sixto uttered shortly after the assault and hours before his death identifying the appellant as one of the assailants, qualifies both as dying declaration and as part of res gestae. To elaborate, there are four (4) requisites which must concur in order that a dying declaration may be admissible in evidence, to wit: (a) it must concern the crime and the surrounding circumstances of the declarant's death; (b) at the time it was made, the declarant was under a consciousness of an impending death; (c) the declarant was competent as a witness; and (d) the declaration was offered in a criminal case for homicide, murder or parricide in which the decedent was the victim.[17]
In this case, the foregoing requirements are undoubtedly present. First, Sixto's statement that "they were three (3) but I recognize[d] only Alex Garma," is a statement of the surrounding circumstances of his death as the same refers to the identity of his assailants. Second, Sixto gave such declaration under the consciousness of an impending death as shown by the serious nature of his wounds,[18] which in fact resulted in his death several hours later.[19] Third, prior to his death, Sixto was competent to be a witness in court. And fourth, Sixto's dying declaration is offered in a criminal prosecution for murder where he was himself the victim.
On the other hand, there can be no plausible objection against its admissibility as part of res gestae even if said statement was uttered by Sixto in response to a question posed by Herminigildo about the identity of the assailants.[20] This is because, the record bespeaks that such statement was made right after the shooting incident and before Sixto had the opportunity to contrive or devise a falsehood.[21]
Appellant interposes alibi as defense. According to him, from 7:00 to 10:00 o'clock in the evening of December 2, 1987, he watched television programs in the house of his grandfather Sotero Garma.[22] Corroborating appellant's testimony were those of Edilberto Califlores,[23] Simeon Sonido,[24] Maximo Pacis[25] and David Garma[26]-who all confirmed appellant's presence in Sotero's house during the night Sixto was gunned down. We are not persuaded. In the face of appellant's positive identification by the victim as one of the authors of the crime, his defense of alibi necessarily collapses. It is a settled rule that alibi can not prevail over a positive identification.[27]
Appellant also impugns the credibility of the prosecution witnesses contending that their testimonies are inconsistent with each other in that: (1) Herminigildo and Gil testified that moments before his death, Sixto uttered that "he cannot survive," while Maria and Perlita did not recount such a remark; and (2) Maria and Perlita affirmed that the killing was triggered by the previous altercation between Sixto and appellant about the hay which, however, was not disclosed by Herminigildo and Gil.[28]
To our mind, these alleged inconsistencies are not that material so as to cast serious doubts on the witnesses' credibility.[29] As correctly ruled by the Court of Appeals, these alleged inconsistencies are merely minor ones, attributable as they are, to the frailty of human memory at times. Neither can it be successfully argued that since the prosecution witnesses "could not give the definite words of Sixto,"[30] then their testimonies should have been taken with a grain of salt. A witness testifying on the dying declaration of the deceased need not reproduce exactly the words of the deceased as long as he is able to give its substance.[31] At any rate, the trial court which had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of herein prosecution witnesses found that their testimonies rang "with truth and sincerity."[32] We find no cogent reason to hold otherwise.
However, we agree with the appellant that both the trial court and the Court of Appeals erred in appreciating the qualifying circumstance of treachery against him. Our settled rule is that treachery cannot be presumed,[33] but must be proved by clear and convincing evidence, or as conclusively as the killing itself.[34] In this case, the trial court declared that the shooting of Sixto was "sudden and unexpected,"[35] which cavalier pronouncement finds no basis from the record as there was no one who testified to such manner of assault described by the trial court.
Neither may the presence of treachery be simply assumed, as what the Court of Appeals apparently did, from the mere fact that the fatal wounds were found at the back of Sixto. The location of the fatal wounds does not, by itself, compel a finding of treachery.[36] Such a finding must be based on some positive proof, and not be merely an inference drawn more or less logically from hypothetical facts.[37]
In fine, we hold that appellant is nonetheless guilty, albeit of the crime of homicide only. Appellant's guilt has been proven by the prosecution through the dying declaration of the victim himself which evidence, we must stress, is an evidence of the highest order.[38]
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the decision appealed from is hereby MODIFIED. We find appellant ALEX GARMA guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of HOMICIDE. Considering the absence of any mitigating or aggravating circumstance and applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law in his favor, appellant is hereby sentenced to suffer an indeterminate penalty ranging from Ten (10) years and One (1) day of Prision Mayor, as minimum, to Sixteen (16) years, Two (2) months and One (1) day of Reclusion temporal, as maximum. The civil indemnity awarded by the Court of Appeals for the death of Sixto Selma in the amount of P50,000.00 is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Narvasa, C.J. (Chairman), Davide, Jr., Melo, and Panganiban, JJ., concur.
[1],TSN Herminigildo Isidro, February 16, 1988, pp. 3-4, 6.
[2] TSN Herminigildo Isidro, March 10, 1988, pp. 9-10.
[3] Id.
[4] TSN, Maria Isidro, July 8, 1988, p. 7.
[5] TSN, Maria Isidro, June 6, 1988, p. 4; See also TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 4.
[6] Councilor Ardesani's house is just 70 meters away from Sixto's house; see TSN, Herminigildo Isidro, March 10, 1988, p. 8.
[7] TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 5; TSN, Perlita Gazmen-Selma, November 15, 1988, p. 8.
[8] TSN, Herminigildo Aquino, March 10, 1988, pp. 13-14.
[9] Id, pp. 15-16; See also TSN, Gil Morales, April 5, 1988, p. 6; TSN, Maria Isidro, June 6, 1988, p. 5; TSN, Perlita Gazmen-Selma, October 11, 1988, p. 9.
[10] TSN, Dr. Benjamin Tolentino, December 1, 1988.
[11] Exhibit "D"; Record, p. 77
[12] Information Dated January 20, 1988; Record, p. 1.
[13] Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Ilocos Sur, First Judicial Region, Branch 24, Decision dated 4 December 4, 1989, penned by Judge Florencio A. Ruiz, Jr.; Record, p. 108-115.
[14] Court of Appeals, Sixth Division, Decision promulgated July 14, 1993, penned by Associate Justice Asaali S. Isnani and concurred in by now Presiding Justice Nathanael P. De Pano, Jr. and Associate Justice Lourdes K. Tayao-Jaguros, p. 4; Court of Appeals Rollo, p. 55.
[15] Rule 124, Section 13. Quorum of the Court.
xxx xxx xxx
"Whenever the Court of Appeals should be of the opinion that the penalty of reclusion perpetua or higher should be imposed in a case, the court after discussion of the evidence and the law involved, shall render judgment imposing the penalty of reclusion perpetua or higher as the circumstances warrant, refrain from entering judgment and forthwith certify the case and elevate the entire record thereof the Supreme Court for review." (Underscoring Ours)[16] Article VIII, Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:
xxx xxx xxx
"(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments or orders of lower courts in:xxx xxx xxx
(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
[17] People v. Elizaga et. al., 167 SCRA 516, 520 (1988); People v. Lanza, 94 SCRA 613 (1979); People v. Saliling et. al., 69 SCRA 427 (1976).
[18] "AUTOPSY REPORT
December 3, 1987
x x x x x x x x x
"A. Gunshot Wound - 0.5 cm. Point of Entry
Right peravertal line-
Level thoracic 10
Penetrating
Point of Exit - 1 cm. right parasternal line,
9th Intercostal Space.
"B. Gunshot Wound - 0.5 cm. Point of Entry
Right paravertal line-
Level lumbar 3
Point of Exit - Right subcostal area
"C. 1 cm. laceration at the inferior lobe of the lung.
"D. Avulsion of the dome of the right lobe of the liver together with the diaphram transected hepatic vein.
"E. 0.5 - 1 cm., perforation at the transverse colon, ascending colon
"F. Massive hemothorax (R) - 2 liters of blood evacuated.
"G. Massive herroperitinium - 2 liters of blood evacuated.
x x x x x x x x x
Sgd. BENJAMIN TOLENTINO, M. D.
Resident Physician"
[19] People v. De Gracia, 18 SCRA 197 (1966); People v. Cortez, 6 SCRA 408 (1962), citing People v. Chan, 50 Phil 182 and People v. Andia et. al., G.R. No. L-14862, May 31, 1961; People v. Abedosa, 53 Phil 788; See Moran, Rules of Court of the Philippines, Volume 5, p. 297; See also Martin, Rules Court in the Philippines With Notes and Comments, Volume 5, p. 295.
[20] People v De Gracia, 18 SCRA 197 (1966); People v. Sampang, Jr. et. al.; 16 SCRA 531 (1966).
[21] People v. Masangkay, 157 SCRA 320 (1988).
[22] TSN, Alex Garma, August 23, 1989, pp. 5-6.
[23] TSN, Edilberto Califlores, March 20, 1989, p. 5.
[24] TSN, Simeon Sonido, June 5, 1989, p. 4.
[25] TSN, Maximo Pacis, July 12, 1989, p. 6.
[26] TSN, David Garma, July 14, 1989, p. 3.
[27] People v. Marapao, 188 SCRA 243; People v. Azugue, G.R. No. 110098, February 26, 1997.
[28] Appellant's Brief Dated October 22, 1990, p. 10; Court of Appeals' Rollo, p., 54.28
[29] People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 517, 525 (1996), citing People v. Irenea, 164 SCRA 121 (1988) and People v. Cariño, 165 SCRA 664 (1988).
[30] Appellant's Brief, Court of Appeals' Rollo, p., 54.
[31] People v. Odencio, 88 SCRA 1, 6 (1979), See Moran's Comments on the Rules of Court, Volume V, p. 302, citing People v. Chin Mok Sow, 51 Cal., 597 and Roberts v. State, 5 Tex. App. 141.
[32] RTC Decision, p. 6; Record, p. 113.
[33] People v. Elmer Belga, G.R. Nos. 943766-77, July 11, 1996; People v. Tiozon, 198 SCRA 368 (1991); People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[34] People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 514, 529 (1996), citing People v. Tiozon, 198 SCRA 368, 388 (1991) and People v. Agcaoili, 206 SCRA 606 (1992); See People v. Wilson Villanueva, G.R. No. 116610, December 2, 1996.
[35] RTC Decision, p. 8; Record, p. 115.
[36] People v. Elmer Belga, G.R. Nos. 943766-77, July 11, 1996; People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[37] People v. Morin, 241 SCRA 709, 717, citing U.S. v. Rana, 4 Phil. 231; People v. Manalo, 148 SCRA 98 (1987).
[38] People v. Montilla, 211 SCRA 119 (1992), citing People v. Almeda, 124 SCRA 486 (1983).