FIRST DIVISION
[ G.R. Nos. 118921-22, June 11, 1997 ]ERNESTO AUSTRIA v. CA +
ERNESTO AUSTRIA, PETITIONER, VS. COURT OF APPEALS AND PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RESPONDENTS.
D E C I S I O N
ERNESTO AUSTRIA v. CA +
ERNESTO AUSTRIA, PETITIONER, VS. COURT OF APPEALS AND PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RESPONDENTS.
D E C I S I O N
BELLOSILLO, J.:
For the killing of Emilio Narral allegedly with treachery and evident premeditation, an Information for murder was filed against ERNESTO AUSTRIA and ANTONIO DATO before the Regional Trial Court of Valenzuela. After trial the court found both accused guilty
of homicide and imposed upon each of them "an indeterminate penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day as minimum to twelve (12) years, ten (10) months and twenty (20) days as maximum (2 counts each); to both indemnify the heirs of Emilio Narral P30,000.00 each, and to pay the
costs."[1] On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction of the accused and raised the indemnity to the heirs of the victim to "P50,000.00, with costs against the accused-appellants."
The evidence shows that at around eleven o'clock in the evening of 16 August 1976 while Emilio Narral and his wife Flora were at home at 14 Coloong II, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Herman Nario arrived and told them that Emilio was being summoned by Ernesto Austria and Antonio Dato to discuss their misunderstanding concerning the demand by Emilio from Ernesto for the receipts of the payments for the survey of the land Emilio was occupying. Ernesto was President while Antonio was Vice President of their neighborhood association. Emilio and Herman thereafter proceeded to Antonio's store nearby in front of which were Ernesto, Antonio, Tino Codapas, Rogelio de Joya and Jaime Futol. Apprehensive that an untoward incident could occur as it was midnight, Flora followed Emilio and Herman to Antonio's store. When it appeared to her that the conversation of the group was cordial, Flora went back to her house. However, after some ten minutes she heard shouts coming from the direction of said store. She immediately went out and there saw her husband lying on the ground. In a hoarse voice Emilio told her that he was stabbed by Ernesto Austria.
Alberto de los Reyes, a lad of seventeen, who was reading komiks near the window of his house heard somebody shout, "Tinraydor ninyo ako!" coming from the direction of Antonio's store. When Alberto looked out of the window he saw Emilio being chased by Ernesto, Antonio and Tino Codapas. Antonio then held with his two hands Emilio's right arm while Codapas hit Emilio with a piece of bamboo on the head causing the latter to fall. Thereafter, Antonio lifted Emilio and at this instance Ernesto stabbed Emilio twice on the neck as he lay prostrate on the ground. His assailants then ran away. Ernesto passed by the house of Alberto and warned him and his mother not to say anything about the incident otherwise they would meet a similar fate.
Ernesto Austria testified that he, Codapas, de Joya, Futol and some other persons were gathered in front of Antonio's store that eventful night. Antonio was assisting his wife in tending their store. The group was discussing the assistance they could offer to Rey Dionido who had eloped with a certain Minda. Then Emilio who was noticeably drunk arrived and suddenly pulled out a knife from his waist. He dared everyone to fight with him. When nobody accepted his challenge, he lunged at Antonio who was fortunately able to parry the blow. Emilio then faced Ernesto and thrust the knife at him. The two grappled for possession of the weapon and in the process Ernesto accidentally hit ("nasundot") Emilio's neck with the knife. Emilio fell but was able to stand up and run towards the main road. As he staggered his head hit the wall of the house of Efren Viray. For the second time Emilio stood up but fell again.
Ernesto thus claimed self-defense while Antonio disavowed any participation in the killing of Emilio.
The Necropsy Report indicates the various injuries sustained by the victim:
In holding that the culpability of both accused had been established beyond reasonable doubt, the trial court declared that only the crime of homicide aggravated by abuse of superior strength was committed -
On 23 September 1994 respondent Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction of both accused but increased the amount of indemnity to P50,000.00.[4] On 8 December 1994 the motion for reconsideration was denied.[5]
Petitioner Austria insists that the victim was an unlawful aggressor, as established by the corroborative testimonies of de Joya and Futol. Likewise, he stresses that the injuries on the body of Emilio were caused accidentally in the course of their grappling for the knife while the injuries on his head were sustained when he hit the wall of the house of Viray.
We sustain petitioner's conviction. Anyone who acts in defense of person or rights does not incur any criminal liability provided that the following circumstances concur: (a) unlawful aggression; (b) reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it; and, (c) lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.[6] It is clear that unlawful aggression is the main and important element of self-defense. In the absence thereof, there can be no self-defense whether complete or incomplete. We agree with the trial court that unlawful aggression on the part of the victim was absent because -
There could not have been a more graphic description of the killing than the eyewitness account of Alberto de los Reyes who at the time of the incident was reading komiks near the window of his house. The succeeding narrations of de los Reyes regarding the incident that he witnessed, vivid as they were, effectively crush the version of the defense -
The trial court conducted an ocular inspection of the scene of the crime and made the following observations -
We find the aforementioned allegations to be unsubstantiated and insufficient to overcome the finding of absence of improper motive on the part of de los Reyes. The time-tested jurisprudence is that the determination of credibility is the domain of the trial court, and the matter of assigning values to the testimonies of witnesses is best performed by it. Thus said evaluation is well-nigh conclusive on this Court, barring arbitrariness in arriving at its conclusion.[11]
As aforestated, we sustain petitioner's conviction. However, the Office of the Solicitor General observes that the victim's alleged "inquisitiveness, resentment and dissatisfaction" cannot be deemed as sufficient provocation. The trial court's appreciation of this circumstance was erroneous because it was based on a mere probability. We have ruled that where there is no evidence as to how the quarrel arose, the defendant is not entitled to the benefit of the mitigating circumstance of provocation.[12]
The penalty for homicide is reclusion temporal the range of which is twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years. Applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law and with the aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength, without any mitigating circumstance, the maximum of the penalty to be imposed shall be taken from the maximum period of reclusion temporal which is from seventeen (17) years, four (4) months and one (1) day to twenty (20) years, while the minimum shall be taken from the penalty next lower in degree which is prision mayor or from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years, in any of its periods. Consequently, the Court considers fair and just to impose upon petitioner an indeterminate prison term of eight (8) years, four (4) months and twenty (20) days of prision mayor medium as minimum, to seventeen (17) years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal maximum as maximum.
The Court takes this opportunity to remind trial judges that in a judgment of conviction for a felony, the appropriate name of the penalty should be specified inasmuch as under the scheme of penalties in the Revised Penal Code, the principal penalty for a felony has its own specific duration and corresponding accessory penalties.[13]
WHEREFORE, the Decision appealed from finding petitioner ERNESTO AUSTRIA guilty beyond reasonable doubt of homicide is AFFIRMED. The directive to petitioner to indemnify the heirs of Emilio Narral in the amount of P50,000.00 and to pay the costs is likewise AFFIRMED. However, the indeterminate prison term imposed by the trial court is MODIFIED to eight (8) years, four (4) months and twenty (20) days of prision mayor medium as minimum, to seventeen (17) years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal maximum as maximum. Costs de oficio.
SO ORDERED.
Vitug, Kapunan, and Hermosisima, Jr., JJ., concur.
Padilla, (Chairman), J., on leave.
[1] The penalty imposed is erroneous. The Decision should have specified the proper nomenclature of the imposable penalty as well as that properly imposed and not merely its duration.
[2] Exh. "B;" Folder of Exhibits, p. 2.
[3] Rollo, p. 91.
[4] Id., p. 40.
[5] Id., p. 51.
[6] Art. 11, par. 1, Revised Penal Code.
[7] Rollo, pp. 90-91.
[8] TSN, 18 October 1978, pp. 9-18.
[9] TSN, 13 March 1984, p. 23.
[10] Rollo, pp. 36-37.
[11] People v. Rivera, G.R. Nos. 88298-99, 1 March 1995, 242 SCRA 26.
[12] United States v. Fitzgerald, 2 Phil. 419 (1903).
[13] People v. Serdan, G.R. No. 87318, 2 September 1992, 213 SCRA 329, 344; People v. Aquino, G.R. No. 87084, 27 June 1990, 186 SCRA 851, 863. See Note 1.
The evidence shows that at around eleven o'clock in the evening of 16 August 1976 while Emilio Narral and his wife Flora were at home at 14 Coloong II, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Herman Nario arrived and told them that Emilio was being summoned by Ernesto Austria and Antonio Dato to discuss their misunderstanding concerning the demand by Emilio from Ernesto for the receipts of the payments for the survey of the land Emilio was occupying. Ernesto was President while Antonio was Vice President of their neighborhood association. Emilio and Herman thereafter proceeded to Antonio's store nearby in front of which were Ernesto, Antonio, Tino Codapas, Rogelio de Joya and Jaime Futol. Apprehensive that an untoward incident could occur as it was midnight, Flora followed Emilio and Herman to Antonio's store. When it appeared to her that the conversation of the group was cordial, Flora went back to her house. However, after some ten minutes she heard shouts coming from the direction of said store. She immediately went out and there saw her husband lying on the ground. In a hoarse voice Emilio told her that he was stabbed by Ernesto Austria.
Alberto de los Reyes, a lad of seventeen, who was reading komiks near the window of his house heard somebody shout, "Tinraydor ninyo ako!" coming from the direction of Antonio's store. When Alberto looked out of the window he saw Emilio being chased by Ernesto, Antonio and Tino Codapas. Antonio then held with his two hands Emilio's right arm while Codapas hit Emilio with a piece of bamboo on the head causing the latter to fall. Thereafter, Antonio lifted Emilio and at this instance Ernesto stabbed Emilio twice on the neck as he lay prostrate on the ground. His assailants then ran away. Ernesto passed by the house of Alberto and warned him and his mother not to say anything about the incident otherwise they would meet a similar fate.
Ernesto Austria testified that he, Codapas, de Joya, Futol and some other persons were gathered in front of Antonio's store that eventful night. Antonio was assisting his wife in tending their store. The group was discussing the assistance they could offer to Rey Dionido who had eloped with a certain Minda. Then Emilio who was noticeably drunk arrived and suddenly pulled out a knife from his waist. He dared everyone to fight with him. When nobody accepted his challenge, he lunged at Antonio who was fortunately able to parry the blow. Emilio then faced Ernesto and thrust the knife at him. The two grappled for possession of the weapon and in the process Ernesto accidentally hit ("nasundot") Emilio's neck with the knife. Emilio fell but was able to stand up and run towards the main road. As he staggered his head hit the wall of the house of Efren Viray. For the second time Emilio stood up but fell again.
Ernesto thus claimed self-defense while Antonio disavowed any participation in the killing of Emilio.
The Necropsy Report indicates the various injuries sustained by the victim:
Abrasions: Forehead, supra-orbital region, right side, 5.5 x 2.0 cm.; face, molar region, right side, 3.0 x 2.0 cm.; face, oral region, along upper lip, 4.5 x 3.0 cm.; back, supra-scapular regions, left and right, 6.0 x 4.0 cm. and 5.0 x 4.0 cm. respectively.In evaluating the defense of Ernesto Austria, the trial court found no unlawful aggression on the part of the victim and brushed aside the claim of self-defense after it considered the nature, number and location of the victim's injuries. Moreover, the trial court was convinced of the role accused Antonio Dato played in the perpetration of the crime, relying on the eyewitness account of de los Reyes.
Contusion: wrist, posterior aspect, right, 14.0 x 2.5 cm.
Lacerations: Scalp, fronto-parietal, right side, 8.0 cm., parieto-occipital, left side, 6.0 cm.; occipital, left side, 2.5 cm.; occipital, posterior aspect, mid-portion, two in number, 1.5 cm. and 1.0 cm.
Wounds, stab: (1) Elliptical, 3.0 cm. long, oriented anteriorly and medially, edges, clean-cut, posterior extremity, contused, anterior extremity, sharp, chin, submandibular region, right side, 3.5 cm. from anterior median line, directed backward, upward and laterally, penetrating skin and underlying soft tissues, sub-mandibular blood vessels, taking an intramuscular course to the angle of mandible, left side and medially, with an approximate depth of 9.0 cm.; (2) Elliptical, 5.2 cm. long, oriented downward and medially, edges, clean-cut, upper extremity, contused, lower extremity, sharp, neck, anterior aspect, left side, level of Adam's apple, 5.0 cm. from anterior median line, directed backward, upward and laterally, penetrating skin and underlying soft tissues, cutting common carotid artery and jugular blood vessels, then communicating with another wound posteriorly, same side, 2.5 cm. long, 8.0 cm. from posterior median line.
Hemorrhage, meningeal, sub-arachnoidal, bi-temporal; brain and other visceral organs, pale; stomach, full of undigested rice and other food particles.
Cause of death: Hemorrhage, profuse, secondary to stab wounds of the neck.[2]
In holding that the culpability of both accused had been established beyond reasonable doubt, the trial court declared that only the crime of homicide aggravated by abuse of superior strength was committed -
Since the Court is more convinced that the group could not have gathered to plot the killing of Emilio Narral, otherwise they could have chosen a more secluded place than a store where buyers would come and go, the element of evident premeditation in murder would be absent. Since there was a quarrel between the victim and the accused's group, there would not have been treachery because Emilio Narral could have had the opportunity to act in his defense. Considering, however, that the accused was alone, and as he was stabbed by Ernesto Austria, hit on the head as his arm was held by Antonio Dato, the aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength against the victim was clearly present. There was likewise a clear conspiracy between the two accused and their companion (who is not included in the charge) as they helped each other in causing the injuries of Emilio Narral that led to his death.[3]The trial court also appreciated the mitigating circumstance of provocation by the victim as he could have expressed vocal inquisitiveness, resentment and dissatisfaction against both accused during their confrontation.
On 23 September 1994 respondent Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction of both accused but increased the amount of indemnity to P50,000.00.[4] On 8 December 1994 the motion for reconsideration was denied.[5]
Petitioner Austria insists that the victim was an unlawful aggressor, as established by the corroborative testimonies of de Joya and Futol. Likewise, he stresses that the injuries on the body of Emilio were caused accidentally in the course of their grappling for the knife while the injuries on his head were sustained when he hit the wall of the house of Viray.
We sustain petitioner's conviction. Anyone who acts in defense of person or rights does not incur any criminal liability provided that the following circumstances concur: (a) unlawful aggression; (b) reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it; and, (c) lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.[6] It is clear that unlawful aggression is the main and important element of self-defense. In the absence thereof, there can be no self-defense whether complete or incomplete. We agree with the trial court that unlawful aggression on the part of the victim was absent because -
x x x x (Flora's) version is in accordance with the ordinary run of events than the version of the defense that Emilio Narral suddenly appeared and without any previous conversation started challenging anyone who is man enough to fight him, with a bladed weapon. It must be noted that there were others in the group against whom he had no grudge. Even on the particular words which Emilio Narral allegedly uttered, the defense witnesses differed in their quotations. The version of the defense that Emilio Narral first made a sudden thrust at Antonio Dato after pulling out his knife and then faced Ernesto Austria also with a thrust at him is not credible. The group consisting of all males would not have enabled Emilio Narral to make a thrust at Antonio Dato after he was seen pulling out the bladed weapon from his waist because he could have been totally stopped by the all male group before reaching Ernesto Austria.[7]Assuming the existence of unlawful aggression, we likewise uphold the finding that Austria exceeded the limit of what was necessary to prevent or repel it based on the nature, number and location of the injuries suffered by the victim.
There could not have been a more graphic description of the killing than the eyewitness account of Alberto de los Reyes who at the time of the incident was reading komiks near the window of his house. The succeeding narrations of de los Reyes regarding the incident that he witnessed, vivid as they were, effectively crush the version of the defense -
Q : What was that?This testimony of de los Reyes could not be shaken and in fact withstood rigorous cross-examination.
A: While reading komiks, I heard a remark saying, "You have betrayed me."
Q: From what direction did this remark come?
A: From the store of Tony Dato, sir.
Q: After you heard the remark "Tinraydor mo ako," what did you do?
A: I looked out of our window, sir.
Q: What did you see, if you saw anything?
A: I saw Emilio Narral running, being chased by Antonio Dato, Tino Codapas, and Ernesto Austria.
x x x x
Q: x x x x From what direction and to what direction were they running?
A: x x x x going towards our place and going outside.
x x x x
Q: What happened while Emilio Narral was being chased by Ernesto Austria, Tino Codapas and Antonio Dato?
A: I saw that Antonio Dato was able to catch up with Emilio Narral and he held Emilio Narral on the right arm.
Q: With what hand did Antonio Dato hold Emilio Narral?
A: His both hands were the ones that held the right arm of Emilio Narral, sir.
x x x x
Q: What happened after Antonio Dato was able to overtake Emilio Narral and held the right arm of Emilio Narral?
A: I saw Emilio Narral trying to free himself from the hands of Antonio Dato, sir.
Q: What else happened?
A: I saw Tino Codapas carrying a bamboo one arm's length long, and he hit with this the head of Emilio Narral.
x x x x
Q: How about Antonio Dato, what was he doing at this very moment when Tino Codapas was hitting Emilio Narral?
A: He was holding tightly the right arm of Emilio Narral, sir.
Q: Was Emilio Narral hit?
x x x x
A: Yes, sir.
x x x x
Q: What portion of the body of Emilio Narral was hit by the strike or "palo," because the witness used the word "palo, " of Tino Codapas?
A: At the back of the head, sir.
x x x x
Q: What happened to Emilio Narral after he was hit at the back of his head by Tino Codapas?
A: He fell face down, sir.
Q: And then what happened after he fell face down?
A: Antonio Dato held the right arm of Emilio Narral, trying to raise him to standing position (pataas).
x x x x
Q: What else happened after Emilio Narral was raised by Antonio Dato to standing position again?
A: I saw Ernesto Austria approaching, holding a knife (kutsilyo).
x x x x
Q: What happened when you saw Ernesto Austria approaching Emilio Narral with a knife in his hand?
A: I saw Emilio Narral stabbed by Ernesto Austria, sir.
Q: With what hand or hands did Ernesto Austria stab Emilio Narral?
A: Right hand, sir.
Q: How many times did he stab Emilio Narral?
A: Two times, sir.
Q: x x x what portion of Emilio Narral's body was hit by the stab of Ernesto Austria?
COURT
Witness indicating his neck and a little bit below the neck, saying "malapit sa batok," left side.
ATTY. ALEGRE
Q: And what happened after Emilio Narral was hit by the two stabs of Ernesto Austria?
A: He fell face down (padapa). Sorry, sir, he fell pala face up.
Q: After Emilio Narral fell face up, what else happened?
A: I saw Nestor (Ernesto?) Austria, Tino Codapas, and Antonio Dato leave.
Q: How about Emilio Narral, what happened to him after this Ernesto Austria, Antonio Dato, and Tino Codapas left?
A: I saw Emilio Narral stand up and stagger (pasuray-suray) and fall again at the side of the house of Efren Viray.
Q: What else happened thereafter?
A: I again saw Emilio Narral stand up again, stagger, and fall again in front of the house of Efren Viray.[8]
The trial court conducted an ocular inspection of the scene of the crime and made the following observations -
COURT:Respondent court elucidated on the aforementioned observation -
x x x x You make another measurement from the second spot where I am standing the distance to the wall 3 1/2 meters, make another measurement, 4 meters and 30 centimeters. Put on record that when a person stands over or even sits at the spot where the first measurement was taken a person at the window of the house of Alberto cannot see. But if a person stands on the second spot where the second measurement was taken a person at the window of the house of Alberto de los Reyes can see the upper portion of (the) face of the person standing in front of the store of Antonio Dato and the same observation with respect to the spot no. 3 in front of the store of Antonio Dato if we consider that as per testimony of Mr. Perez that extension was not there at the time this incident happened.[9]
In other words, if, by the lower court's observations during the ocular inspection the person in front of appellant Dato's store could be seen from the window where the said witness was sitting, a fortiori can he see the incident that happened in a much nearer location from his place as per illustration shown during the hearing (Exh. E, p. 9, Exhibits). This is bolstered by the fact that even if there were no fluorescent lighting in the house of a certain Perez, the place where the stabbing incident occurred could not have been so dark considering the lights coming from the store of appellant Dato and the house of the witness de los Reyes which would more or less illuminate the said place.[10]Petitioner attempted to discredit de los Reyes by ascribing ill motive, i.e., that earlier he had accused de los Reyes of stealing his fighting cocks and stoning houses in the neighborhood. As a consequence, de los Reyes was castigated and reported by petitioner and Antonio Dato to the police authorities.
We find the aforementioned allegations to be unsubstantiated and insufficient to overcome the finding of absence of improper motive on the part of de los Reyes. The time-tested jurisprudence is that the determination of credibility is the domain of the trial court, and the matter of assigning values to the testimonies of witnesses is best performed by it. Thus said evaluation is well-nigh conclusive on this Court, barring arbitrariness in arriving at its conclusion.[11]
As aforestated, we sustain petitioner's conviction. However, the Office of the Solicitor General observes that the victim's alleged "inquisitiveness, resentment and dissatisfaction" cannot be deemed as sufficient provocation. The trial court's appreciation of this circumstance was erroneous because it was based on a mere probability. We have ruled that where there is no evidence as to how the quarrel arose, the defendant is not entitled to the benefit of the mitigating circumstance of provocation.[12]
The penalty for homicide is reclusion temporal the range of which is twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years. Applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law and with the aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength, without any mitigating circumstance, the maximum of the penalty to be imposed shall be taken from the maximum period of reclusion temporal which is from seventeen (17) years, four (4) months and one (1) day to twenty (20) years, while the minimum shall be taken from the penalty next lower in degree which is prision mayor or from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years, in any of its periods. Consequently, the Court considers fair and just to impose upon petitioner an indeterminate prison term of eight (8) years, four (4) months and twenty (20) days of prision mayor medium as minimum, to seventeen (17) years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal maximum as maximum.
The Court takes this opportunity to remind trial judges that in a judgment of conviction for a felony, the appropriate name of the penalty should be specified inasmuch as under the scheme of penalties in the Revised Penal Code, the principal penalty for a felony has its own specific duration and corresponding accessory penalties.[13]
WHEREFORE, the Decision appealed from finding petitioner ERNESTO AUSTRIA guilty beyond reasonable doubt of homicide is AFFIRMED. The directive to petitioner to indemnify the heirs of Emilio Narral in the amount of P50,000.00 and to pay the costs is likewise AFFIRMED. However, the indeterminate prison term imposed by the trial court is MODIFIED to eight (8) years, four (4) months and twenty (20) days of prision mayor medium as minimum, to seventeen (17) years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal maximum as maximum. Costs de oficio.
SO ORDERED.
Vitug, Kapunan, and Hermosisima, Jr., JJ., concur.
Padilla, (Chairman), J., on leave.
[1] The penalty imposed is erroneous. The Decision should have specified the proper nomenclature of the imposable penalty as well as that properly imposed and not merely its duration.
[2] Exh. "B;" Folder of Exhibits, p. 2.
[3] Rollo, p. 91.
[4] Id., p. 40.
[5] Id., p. 51.
[6] Art. 11, par. 1, Revised Penal Code.
[7] Rollo, pp. 90-91.
[8] TSN, 18 October 1978, pp. 9-18.
[9] TSN, 13 March 1984, p. 23.
[10] Rollo, pp. 36-37.
[11] People v. Rivera, G.R. Nos. 88298-99, 1 March 1995, 242 SCRA 26.
[12] United States v. Fitzgerald, 2 Phil. 419 (1903).
[13] People v. Serdan, G.R. No. 87318, 2 September 1992, 213 SCRA 329, 344; People v. Aquino, G.R. No. 87084, 27 June 1990, 186 SCRA 851, 863. See Note 1.