THIRD DIVISION
[ G.R. NO. 164375, October 12, 2006 ]RODOLFO PAREDES v. ERNESTO VERANO +
RODOLFO PAREDES, TITO ALAGO AND AGRIPINO BAYBAY, SR., PETITIONERS, VS. ERNESTO VERANO AND COSME HINUNANGAN, RESPONDENT.
D E C I S I O N
RODOLFO PAREDES v. ERNESTO VERANO +
RODOLFO PAREDES, TITO ALAGO AND AGRIPINO BAYBAY, SR., PETITIONERS, VS. ERNESTO VERANO AND COSME HINUNANGAN, RESPONDENT.
D E C I S I O N
TINGA, J.:
The central issue in this case is whether the absence of the counsel for defendants at the pre-trial, with all defendants themselves present, is a ground to declare defendants in default and to authorize plaintiffs to present evidence ex parte.
The relevant facts are uncomplicated.
The protracted legal battle between the parties began with a complaint for the establishment of a right of way filed by petitioners herein as plaintiffs against respondents as defendants.[1] The complaint, docketed as Civil Case No. 2767 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Maasin City, Southern Leyte, Branch 24, culminated in a judgment by compromise dated 26 April 1994.[2] In the Compromise Agreement, respondent Cosme Hinunangan granted a two (2) meter-wide right of way in favor of petitioners in consideration of the amount of P6,000.00 which petitioners agreed to pay.[3]
Alleging that petitioners had blocked the passage way in violation of the Compromise Agreement, on 28 September 1999, respondents filed a complaint for specific performance with damages against petitioners. It was docketed as Civil Case No. R-3 11 1 also of the RTC of Maasin City, Southern Leyte, Branch 24.[4]
In their answer, petitioners denied having violated the Compromise Agreement. They alleged that like them, respondents were not actual residents of Barangay Tagnipa where the "road right of way" was established and that respondent Cosme Hinunangan had already sold his only remaining lot in the vicinity to petitioner Rodolfo Paderes.[5]
Subsequent to the answer, petitioners filed a motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of cause of action.[6] The trial court, presided by Judge Bethany G. Kapili, denied the motion to dismiss[7]. Petitioners elevated the order of denial to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to this Court, both to no avail.[8]
Petitioners asked Judge Kapili to inhibit himself from the case.[9] The judge denied the motion.
Pre-trial was initially set for 24 April 2003, but this was reset to 3 June 2003 on motion of respondents' counsel. But the pre-trial set on 3 June 2003 did not push through either because none of the parties appeared.
So, pre-trial was reset to 11 November 2003. Petitioner Baybay's counsel moved to reset it to another date on account of a conflicting hearing. However, petitioner Baybay, who is the father of the counsel for petitioners, was present in court along with the other defendants, when the case was called on 11 November 2003. The RTC was informed then of a proposed settlement between the parties, although respondent Baybay qualified his reaction by telling the court that he would first have to inform his lawyer and the co-defendants of said proposal. The RTC then commented unfavorably on the sence of petitioners' counsel, expressing disappointment towards attitude, even making note of the fact that not once had the counsel peared before the RTC, even though the case had already reached Supreme Court over the denial of the motion to dismiss.[10] At the me time, the RTC acceded and reset the pre-trial for 23 January 2004.[11]
Shortly before the new pre-trial date, counsel for petitioners ed a Manifestation of Willingness to Settle With Request for incellation dated 5 January 2004.[12] Apart from manifesting his illingness to settle the complaint, petitioners' counsel through the anifestation suggested to the opposing counsel that he be informed 'the terms of the proposed settlement. Correspondingly, petitioners' mnsel requested the cancellation of the 23 January 2004 hearing.
However, the hearing did push through on 23 January 2004. The private respondents and their counsel were present. So were petitioners aybay and Paderes, and co-defendant Alago, but not their counsel.
An order of even date formalized what had transpired during le hearing. The RTC allowed respondents to present their evidence ex parte, "for failure of the defendants['] counsel to appear before [the RTC]".[13] Petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration, but this was denied by the RTC.[14]
Thus, petitioners filed a petition for certiorari with the Court of Appeals, assailing the orders of the RTC. However, on 28 April 2004, the Court of Appeals dismissed the petition outright,[15] for failure to attach duplicate original copies of the annexes to the petition other than the RTC Orders dated 23 January 2004 and 17 February 2004 (attaching photocopies instead), as well as for failure to submit such other pleadings relevant and pertinent to the petition. Petitioners filed a Motion for Reconsideration with Motion to Admit Additional Exhibits, adverting to the documents previously missing from the petition but attached to the motion.
On 13 July 2004, the Court of Appeals issued a Resolution denying the motion for reconsideration. In doing so, the Court of Appeals resolved the petition on its merits, as it ruled that "even with the submission by petitioners of the required pleadings and documents, the instant petition must nevertheless fail."[16] The appellate court quoted extensively from the transcripts of the hearings of 11 November 2003 and 23 January 2004. It conceded that under Section 5, Rule 18 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, it is the failure of the defendant, and not defendant's counsel, to appear at the pre-trial that would serve cause to allow plaintiff to present evidence ex parte. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals noted that petitioner Baybay had made it clear that he would never enter into any amicable settlement without the advice of his counsel. Thus, the Court of Appeals concluded that Judge Kapili's "hands were lied," explaining, thus: "He was held hostage by the blatant display of arrogance exhibited by petitioner's counsel in assiduously failing to appear before the trial court. Were he to close his eyes to the reprehensible scheme of Atly. Baybay in delaying the disposition of the main case, the resulting impasse would only strain further the meager resources of the court and prejudice the rights of private respondents.[17]
The Court of Appeals then cited Sps. Ampeloquio, Sr. v. Court of Appeals,[18] wherein the Court held that if every error committed by the trial court were to be a proper object of review by certiorari, then trial would never come to an end and the appellate court dockets would be clogged with petitions challenging every interlocutory order of the trial court. It concluded that the acts of Judge Kapili did not constitute grave abuse of discretion equivalent to lack of jurisdiction.
Finally, the trial court admonished petitioners' counsel to "bear in mind that as an officer of the court, he is tasked to observe the rules of procedure, not to unduly delay a case and defeat the ends of justice but to promote respect for the law and legal processes."[19]
We reverse the trial court and the Court of Appeals.
A preliminary observation. The Court of Appeals had initially dismissed the petition lodged by petitioners on account of their failure to attach several relevant pleadings, citing Section 3, Rule 46 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. Before this Court, petitioners devote some effort in arguing that the Court of Appeals erred in dismissing the petition on that procedural ground, while respondents in their comment similarly undertook to defend the appellate court's action on that point. We do not doubt that under Section 3, Rule 46 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court of Appeals has sufficient discretion to dismiss the petition for failure of petitioner to comply with the requirements enumerated in the section, including "such material portions of the record as are referred to [in the petition], and other documents relevant or pertinent thereto."[20] At the same time, "[dismissal of appeals purely on technical grounds is frowned upon and the rules of procedure ought not to be applied in a very rigid, technical sense, for they are adopted to help secure, not override, substantial justice, and thereby defeat their very aims."[21] Thus, the Court has not hesitated to view Section 3 of Rule 46 with a liberal outlook, ruling for example that it was not necessary to attach certified true copies of such material portions of the record as referred to therein.[22]
The situation in this case bears similarity to that which transpired in Cortez-Estrada v. Heirs of Samut[23] Therein, the petitioner had failed to attach material documents to her petition before the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals held the petition was dismissible for such procedural infirmities, yet it nonetheless proceeded to rule against the petitioner on the merits. The Supreme Court agreed with the appellate court that the petition was procedurally infirm, yet found partial merit in its arguments and consequently granted partial relief in favor of the petitioner. In this case, the Court of Appeals, in resolving the motion for reconsideration, proceeded to make a judgment on the merits. Similarly, this Court finds ample basis to review the decision of the trial court as affirmed by the appellate court, notwithstanding the procedural flaw that originally accompanied the petition-a flaw which petitioners did seek to remedy when they belatedly attached the relevant documents to their motion for reconsideration.
Ultimately, there are important reasons to consider the case on the merits. This case affords the Court the opportunity to clarify the authority granted to a trial judge in relation to pre-trial proceedings.
The order of the RTC allowing respondents to present evidence ex parte was undoubtedly to the detriment of petitioners. Since the RTC would only consider the evidence presented by respondents, and not that of petitioners, the order strikes at the heart of the case, disallowing as it does any meaningful defense petitioners could have posed. A judgment of default against a defendant who failed to attend pre-trial, or even any defendant who failed to file an answer, implies a waiver only of their right to be heard and to present evidence to support their allegations but not all their other rights.[24]
The Constitution guarantees that no person shall be deprived of property without due process of law. One manner by which due process is assured is through the faithful adherence to the procedural rules that govern the behavior of the party-litigants. The Rules of Court do sanction, on several instances, penalties for violation of the Rules that causes the termination of an action without a ruling on the merits, or bars one party from litigating the same while permitting the other to do so. We noted earlier that Section 3, Rule 46 authorizes the dismissal of an original petition before the Court of Appeals for failure to append material portions of the record. Pursuant to Section 5, Rule 17, the failure of the plaintiff to appear on the date of the presentation of his/her evidence in chief on the complaint is ground for the court to dismiss the complaint, without prejudice to the right of the defendant to prosecute the counterclaim in the same or in a separate action. And under Section 5, Rule 18, the failure of the plaintiff or defendant to appear during pre-trial authorizes the court to either dismiss the complaint, if the plaintiff were absent; or to allow the plaintiff to present evidence ex parte, if the defendant were absent.
The operation of the above-cited provisions may defeat the cause of action or the defense of the party who violated the procedural rule. Yet it could not be said that any resultant adverse judgment would contravene the due process clause, as the parties are presumed to have known the governing rules and the consequences for the violation of such rules. In contrast, the same presumption could not attach if a party were condemned to the same outcome even if the party did not violate a prescribed rule of procedure. Any ruling that disposes of an action or precludes a party from presenting evidence in support or against thereof must have basis in law,[25] and any ruling so intentioned without legal basis is deemed as issued with grave abuse of discretion.[26] In the end, a person who is condemned to suffer loss of property without justifying legal basis is denied due process of law.
Simply put, nothing, in the Rules of Court authorizes a trial judge to allow the plaintiff to present evidence ex parte on account of the absence during pre-trial of the counsel for defendant.
Sections 4 and 5 of Rule 18 warrant examination:
Indeed, the Court has not hesitated to affirm the dismissals of complaints or the allowance of plaintiffs to present evidence ex parte on account of the absence of a party during pre-trial. In United Coconut Planters Bank v. Magpayo,[27] the complaint was dismissed because although the counsel for complainant was present during the pre-trial hearing, the Court affirmed such dismissal on account of said counsel's failure to present any special power of attorney authorizing him to represent the complainant during pre-trial.[28] In Jonathan Landoil International Co. v. Mangudadatu,[29] the defendant and its counsel failed to appear during pre-trial, and the complainants were allowed to present evidence ex parte. After an adverse decision was rendered against the defendant, it filed a motion for new trial in which it cited the illness of defendant's counsel as the reason for his non-appearance during pre-trial. While the Court acknowledged that such argument was not a proper ground for a motion for new trial, it also noted that the appearance of the defendant during pre-trial was also mandatory, and that the defendant failed to justify its own absence during pre-trial.[30]
There are two cases which, at first blush, may seem to affirm the action of the RTC. In the disbarment case of Miwa v. Medina,[31] a lawyer was suspended from the practice for one (1) month for, among others, tailing to appear during pre-trial, thus leading to the declaration of his client, the defendant, in default. At the same time, the Court in Miwa did take the defendant herself to task for also failing to appear during pre-trial, observing that "the failure of a party to appear at pre-trial, giver its mandatory character, may cause her to be non-suited or considered as in default."[32]
In Social Security System v. Chaves,[33] the Social Security System (SSS) itself was named as the defendant in a complaint filed with the RTC of Cagayan de Oro City. The pre-trial brief was filed by the acting assistant branch manager of the SSS in Cagayan de Oro City, who happened to be a lawyer and who also entered his appearance as counsel for the SSS. However, said lawyer was not present during pre-trial, and the SSS was declared in default and the complainants allowed to present their evidence ex parte. The Court affirmed such order of default, noting other procedural violations on the part of SSS, such as the fact that the motion for reconsideration to lift the order of default lacked verification, notice of hearing and affidavit of merit.
Notwithstanding, the Court is not convinced that SSS is ample precedent to affirm an order of default where even though the defendant was present during pre-trial, defendant's counsel failed to appear for the same hearing. The Court in SSS did not make any categorical declaration to this effect. Moreover, it can be observed that in SSS, the counsel himself, the acting assistant branch manager of the SSS, would have been in addition, the representative of the SSS itself, a juridical person which can only make an appearance during pre-trial through a natural person as its duly authorized representative. The Court of Appeals decision upheld in SSS, cited extensively in our decision therein, expressly affirmed the order of default on the ground that "it is the discretion of the trial judge to declare a party-defendant as in defauh for failure to appear at a pre-trial conference." However, in SSS, neither the Court of Appeals nor this Court expressly laid relevance to the fact that the counsel himself, as opposed to the defendant, had not attended the pre-trial.
Upon the other hand, Africa v. Intermediate Appellate Court[34] illuminates the proper standard within which to view the instant petition. It appeared therein that on the day of the pre-trial, counsel for the defendant (therein petitioner) had arrived ten minutes after the case was called. Within that ten-minute span, the trial court had issued an order in open court declaring the defendant in default and authorizing the plaintiff to present its evidence ex parte. A mere two days later, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of plaintiff. The Court reversed the trial court, holding that the order of default was issued with grave abuse of discretion. The reasoning of the Court was grounded primarily on the doctrinal rule that frowned against "the injudicious and often impeluous issuance of default orders,"[35] which led in that case to "a deni[al of the defendant's] basic right to be heard, even after his counsel had promptly explained the reason for his tardiness at the pre-trial."[36]
Still, it would not be proper to consider Africa as the governing precedent herein, influential as it may be to our disposition. It was not clear from the narration in Africa whether the defendant himself was absent during the pre-trial, a circumstance which is determinative to this petition. Moreover, ihe Court's tone in Africa indicated that it was animated by a liberal philosophy towards the procedural rule, implying that the trial court's reversed action was nonetheless adherent to the strict letter of the rule. Whether or not the trial court in Africa acted conformably with the rules depends upon the presence or absence of the defendant therein during pre-trial. It can no longer be discerned whether the Court so ruled in Africa notwithstanding the presence or absence of the defendant therein. It would be disingenuous though to assume, as a means of applying that case as precedent herein, that the defendant was actually present during the pre-trial in Africa.
Hence, we pronounce that the absence of counsel for defendants at pre-trial does not ipso facto authorize the judge to declare the defendant as in default and order the presentation of evidence ex parte. It bears stressing that nothing in the Rules of Court sanctions the presentation of evidence ex parte upon instances when counsel for defendant is absent during pre-trial. The Rules do not countenance stringent construction at the expense of justice and equity.[37] As the Court has previously enunciated:
While counsel is somewhat to blame for his non-attendance at pre-trial, incidentally the operative act which gave birth to the controversy at bar, it would be most unfair to penalize petitioners for what may be the deficiency of their lawyer when the consequent penalty has no basis in law Particularly mitigating in the instant case is the fact that the counsel for private respondents intimated, at an earlier hearing, a possibility of an amicable settlement to the case. Then, counsel for petitioners submitted a manifestation[41] requesting therein that the parties be given ample time to respectively discuss their proposals and counter-proposals and that the hearing for 23 January 2004 be moved to a later date as may be agreed upon by the parties for submission of their possible compromise agreement. It may well have been that counsel for petitioners labored under the false understanding that a compromise agreement was an imminent possibility. The Court nonetheless notes that counsel was remiss in assuming that his motion to reset the scheduled hearing would necessarily be granted by the court a quo.
Be that as it may. there is no clear demonstration that the acts of the counsel of petitioners were intended to perpetuate delay in the litigation of the case. Assuming arguendo that the trial court correctly construed the actions of the counsel of petitioners to be dilatory, it cannot be said that the court was powerless and virtually without recourse but to order the ex parte presentation of evidence by therein plaintiffs. We are in some sympathy with the judge who was obviously aggrieved that the case was dragging on for an undue length of time. Rut even so, there were other remedies available to the court.
Among the inherent powers of the courts expressly recognized by the Rules include the authority to enforce order in proceedings before it,[42] to compel obedience to its judgments, orders and processes,'[43] and to amend and control its process and orders so as to make them conformable to law and justice.[44] Moreover, the Code of Judicial Conduct empowers the courts to judiciously take or initiate disciplinary measures against lawyers for unprofessional conduct.[45] A show cause order To counsel would have been the more cautious and reasonable course of action to take under the circumstances then prevailing. In failing to do so, the trial court impetuously deprived petitioners of the opportunity to meaningfully present an effective defense and to adequately adduce evidence in support of their contentions.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby GRANTED and the resolutions of the Court of Appeals affirming the Orders of the Regional Trial Court in Civil Case No. R-3 111 dated 23 January 2004 and 17 February 2004 are REVERSED. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Quisumbing, (Chaiperson), Carpio, Carpio-Morales, and Velasco, Jr., JJ., concur.
[1] Rollo, pp. 4-5.
[2] Id. at 46.
[3] Id. at 47.
[4] Id. at 46-52.
[5] Id. at 55; CA and RTC records consistently refer to petitioner as ''Paderes" albeit the Petition dated 5 August 2004 before this Court identifies petitioner as "Paredes." We adopt the CA and RTC usage for purposes of this decision.
[6] Id. at 32.
[7] ld.
[8] ld. at 33.
[9] Id. at 82-83.
[10] TSN, I 1 November 2003, pp. 5-8.
[11] ld. at 5.
[12] Rollo, pp. 63-64.
[13] ld. at 40.
[14] ld. at 41; Order dated 17 February 2004.
[15] In a Resolution penned by Associate Justice Ramon M. Bato, Jr., concurred in by Associate Justices Isaias P. Dicdican and Estela M. Perlas-Bemabe.
[16] Rollo, p. 33.
[17] Id. at 37.
[18] G.R. No. 124243, 15 June 2000, 333 SCRA 465.
[19] Rollo. pp. 37-38.
[20] See 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCRDURE, Rule 46, Sec. 3.
[21] Salazar v. Court of Appeals, 426 Phil. 864, 876 (2002), citing Piglas-Kamao (Sari-Sari Chapter), et al v. NLRC, G.R. No. 138556, May 9, 2001; Cusi-Hernandez v. Diaz, et al., 336 SCR A 113. I M (2000); Pacific Life Assurance Corporation v. Sison, 299 SCRA 16, 22 (1998).
[22] See Cadayona v. Court of Appeals, 381 Phil. 619, 626-627 (2000); Cusi-Hernandez v. Sps. Diaz, 390 Phil. 1245, 1251 (2000).
[23] G.R. No. 154407, 14 February 2005, 451 SCRA 275.
[24] See Social Security System v. Chaves, G.R. No. 151259, 13 October 2004, 440 SCRA 269, 276.
[25] Ang Tibay v. CIR et al., 69 Phil. 635 (1940). See Continental Bank v. Tiangco, G.R. No. 50480, 14 December 1979. See also Poso v. Mijares 436 Phil. 295, 314 (2002), citing De Vera v. Pelayo, G.R No. 137354, 6 July 2000 and Daracan v. Natividad, A.M. No. RT.N99-1447, 27 September 2000.
[26] Ang Tibay v. CIR, et al., supra. See Palu-ay v. Court of Appeals, 355 Phil. 94 (1998); People v. Santiago, G.R. No. 80778, 20 June 1989, 174 SCRA 1-13; Poso v. Mijares, supra.
[27] G.R. No. 149908, 27 May 2004, 429 SCRA 669.
[28] Id. at 673-675.
[29] G.R. No 155010, 16 August 2004, 436 SCRA 559.
[30] Id. at 569.
[31] AC. No. 5854. 30 September 2003, 4 12 SCRA 275.
[32] Id at 281.
[33] Supra note 24.
[34] G.R. No. 76372, 14 August 1990, 188 SCRA 586.
[35] Id. at 590.
[36] Id. at 591.
[37] Rule 1. Sec 6. See also Obut v. Court of Appeals. 70 SCRA 546 (1976); Heirs of the Late F. Nuguid Vda. De Haberer v. Court of Appeals, 192 Phil. 61 (1981), Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines v. Celebrity Travel and Tours, Incorporated, G.R. No. 155524, 12 August 2004, 436 SCRA 356.
[38] Obut v. Court of Appeals, supra; Emphasis supplied.
[39] Ang Tibay v. CIR, et al., 69 Phil. 635 (1940), supra note 25.
[40] Obut v. Court of Appeals, supra note 37: Heirs of Nuguid Vda. De Haberer v. Court of Appeals, supra.
[41] Manifestation of Willingness to Settle with Request for Cancellation of Hearing, dated 5 January 2004, rollo, pp. 63-65.
[42] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(b).
[43] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(c).
[44] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(g).
[45] See CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT, Rule 3.10, Canon 3.
The relevant facts are uncomplicated.
The protracted legal battle between the parties began with a complaint for the establishment of a right of way filed by petitioners herein as plaintiffs against respondents as defendants.[1] The complaint, docketed as Civil Case No. 2767 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Maasin City, Southern Leyte, Branch 24, culminated in a judgment by compromise dated 26 April 1994.[2] In the Compromise Agreement, respondent Cosme Hinunangan granted a two (2) meter-wide right of way in favor of petitioners in consideration of the amount of P6,000.00 which petitioners agreed to pay.[3]
Alleging that petitioners had blocked the passage way in violation of the Compromise Agreement, on 28 September 1999, respondents filed a complaint for specific performance with damages against petitioners. It was docketed as Civil Case No. R-3 11 1 also of the RTC of Maasin City, Southern Leyte, Branch 24.[4]
In their answer, petitioners denied having violated the Compromise Agreement. They alleged that like them, respondents were not actual residents of Barangay Tagnipa where the "road right of way" was established and that respondent Cosme Hinunangan had already sold his only remaining lot in the vicinity to petitioner Rodolfo Paderes.[5]
Subsequent to the answer, petitioners filed a motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of cause of action.[6] The trial court, presided by Judge Bethany G. Kapili, denied the motion to dismiss[7]. Petitioners elevated the order of denial to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to this Court, both to no avail.[8]
Petitioners asked Judge Kapili to inhibit himself from the case.[9] The judge denied the motion.
Pre-trial was initially set for 24 April 2003, but this was reset to 3 June 2003 on motion of respondents' counsel. But the pre-trial set on 3 June 2003 did not push through either because none of the parties appeared.
So, pre-trial was reset to 11 November 2003. Petitioner Baybay's counsel moved to reset it to another date on account of a conflicting hearing. However, petitioner Baybay, who is the father of the counsel for petitioners, was present in court along with the other defendants, when the case was called on 11 November 2003. The RTC was informed then of a proposed settlement between the parties, although respondent Baybay qualified his reaction by telling the court that he would first have to inform his lawyer and the co-defendants of said proposal. The RTC then commented unfavorably on the sence of petitioners' counsel, expressing disappointment towards attitude, even making note of the fact that not once had the counsel peared before the RTC, even though the case had already reached Supreme Court over the denial of the motion to dismiss.[10] At the me time, the RTC acceded and reset the pre-trial for 23 January 2004.[11]
Shortly before the new pre-trial date, counsel for petitioners ed a Manifestation of Willingness to Settle With Request for incellation dated 5 January 2004.[12] Apart from manifesting his illingness to settle the complaint, petitioners' counsel through the anifestation suggested to the opposing counsel that he be informed 'the terms of the proposed settlement. Correspondingly, petitioners' mnsel requested the cancellation of the 23 January 2004 hearing.
However, the hearing did push through on 23 January 2004. The private respondents and their counsel were present. So were petitioners aybay and Paderes, and co-defendant Alago, but not their counsel.
An order of even date formalized what had transpired during le hearing. The RTC allowed respondents to present their evidence ex parte, "for failure of the defendants['] counsel to appear before [the RTC]".[13] Petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration, but this was denied by the RTC.[14]
Thus, petitioners filed a petition for certiorari with the Court of Appeals, assailing the orders of the RTC. However, on 28 April 2004, the Court of Appeals dismissed the petition outright,[15] for failure to attach duplicate original copies of the annexes to the petition other than the RTC Orders dated 23 January 2004 and 17 February 2004 (attaching photocopies instead), as well as for failure to submit such other pleadings relevant and pertinent to the petition. Petitioners filed a Motion for Reconsideration with Motion to Admit Additional Exhibits, adverting to the documents previously missing from the petition but attached to the motion.
On 13 July 2004, the Court of Appeals issued a Resolution denying the motion for reconsideration. In doing so, the Court of Appeals resolved the petition on its merits, as it ruled that "even with the submission by petitioners of the required pleadings and documents, the instant petition must nevertheless fail."[16] The appellate court quoted extensively from the transcripts of the hearings of 11 November 2003 and 23 January 2004. It conceded that under Section 5, Rule 18 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, it is the failure of the defendant, and not defendant's counsel, to appear at the pre-trial that would serve cause to allow plaintiff to present evidence ex parte. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals noted that petitioner Baybay had made it clear that he would never enter into any amicable settlement without the advice of his counsel. Thus, the Court of Appeals concluded that Judge Kapili's "hands were lied," explaining, thus: "He was held hostage by the blatant display of arrogance exhibited by petitioner's counsel in assiduously failing to appear before the trial court. Were he to close his eyes to the reprehensible scheme of Atly. Baybay in delaying the disposition of the main case, the resulting impasse would only strain further the meager resources of the court and prejudice the rights of private respondents.[17]
The Court of Appeals then cited Sps. Ampeloquio, Sr. v. Court of Appeals,[18] wherein the Court held that if every error committed by the trial court were to be a proper object of review by certiorari, then trial would never come to an end and the appellate court dockets would be clogged with petitions challenging every interlocutory order of the trial court. It concluded that the acts of Judge Kapili did not constitute grave abuse of discretion equivalent to lack of jurisdiction.
Finally, the trial court admonished petitioners' counsel to "bear in mind that as an officer of the court, he is tasked to observe the rules of procedure, not to unduly delay a case and defeat the ends of justice but to promote respect for the law and legal processes."[19]
We reverse the trial court and the Court of Appeals.
A preliminary observation. The Court of Appeals had initially dismissed the petition lodged by petitioners on account of their failure to attach several relevant pleadings, citing Section 3, Rule 46 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. Before this Court, petitioners devote some effort in arguing that the Court of Appeals erred in dismissing the petition on that procedural ground, while respondents in their comment similarly undertook to defend the appellate court's action on that point. We do not doubt that under Section 3, Rule 46 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court of Appeals has sufficient discretion to dismiss the petition for failure of petitioner to comply with the requirements enumerated in the section, including "such material portions of the record as are referred to [in the petition], and other documents relevant or pertinent thereto."[20] At the same time, "[dismissal of appeals purely on technical grounds is frowned upon and the rules of procedure ought not to be applied in a very rigid, technical sense, for they are adopted to help secure, not override, substantial justice, and thereby defeat their very aims."[21] Thus, the Court has not hesitated to view Section 3 of Rule 46 with a liberal outlook, ruling for example that it was not necessary to attach certified true copies of such material portions of the record as referred to therein.[22]
The situation in this case bears similarity to that which transpired in Cortez-Estrada v. Heirs of Samut[23] Therein, the petitioner had failed to attach material documents to her petition before the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals held the petition was dismissible for such procedural infirmities, yet it nonetheless proceeded to rule against the petitioner on the merits. The Supreme Court agreed with the appellate court that the petition was procedurally infirm, yet found partial merit in its arguments and consequently granted partial relief in favor of the petitioner. In this case, the Court of Appeals, in resolving the motion for reconsideration, proceeded to make a judgment on the merits. Similarly, this Court finds ample basis to review the decision of the trial court as affirmed by the appellate court, notwithstanding the procedural flaw that originally accompanied the petition-a flaw which petitioners did seek to remedy when they belatedly attached the relevant documents to their motion for reconsideration.
Ultimately, there are important reasons to consider the case on the merits. This case affords the Court the opportunity to clarify the authority granted to a trial judge in relation to pre-trial proceedings.
The order of the RTC allowing respondents to present evidence ex parte was undoubtedly to the detriment of petitioners. Since the RTC would only consider the evidence presented by respondents, and not that of petitioners, the order strikes at the heart of the case, disallowing as it does any meaningful defense petitioners could have posed. A judgment of default against a defendant who failed to attend pre-trial, or even any defendant who failed to file an answer, implies a waiver only of their right to be heard and to present evidence to support their allegations but not all their other rights.[24]
The Constitution guarantees that no person shall be deprived of property without due process of law. One manner by which due process is assured is through the faithful adherence to the procedural rules that govern the behavior of the party-litigants. The Rules of Court do sanction, on several instances, penalties for violation of the Rules that causes the termination of an action without a ruling on the merits, or bars one party from litigating the same while permitting the other to do so. We noted earlier that Section 3, Rule 46 authorizes the dismissal of an original petition before the Court of Appeals for failure to append material portions of the record. Pursuant to Section 5, Rule 17, the failure of the plaintiff to appear on the date of the presentation of his/her evidence in chief on the complaint is ground for the court to dismiss the complaint, without prejudice to the right of the defendant to prosecute the counterclaim in the same or in a separate action. And under Section 5, Rule 18, the failure of the plaintiff or defendant to appear during pre-trial authorizes the court to either dismiss the complaint, if the plaintiff were absent; or to allow the plaintiff to present evidence ex parte, if the defendant were absent.
The operation of the above-cited provisions may defeat the cause of action or the defense of the party who violated the procedural rule. Yet it could not be said that any resultant adverse judgment would contravene the due process clause, as the parties are presumed to have known the governing rules and the consequences for the violation of such rules. In contrast, the same presumption could not attach if a party were condemned to the same outcome even if the party did not violate a prescribed rule of procedure. Any ruling that disposes of an action or precludes a party from presenting evidence in support or against thereof must have basis in law,[25] and any ruling so intentioned without legal basis is deemed as issued with grave abuse of discretion.[26] In the end, a person who is condemned to suffer loss of property without justifying legal basis is denied due process of law.
Simply put, nothing, in the Rules of Court authorizes a trial judge to allow the plaintiff to present evidence ex parte on account of the absence during pre-trial of the counsel for defendant.
Sections 4 and 5 of Rule 18 warrant examination:
SEC. 4. Appearance of Parties. - It shall he the duty of the parties and their counsel to appear at the pre-trial. The non-appearance of a party may be excused only if a valid cause is shown therefor or if a representative shall appear in his behalf fully authorized in writing to enter into an amicable settlement, to submit to alternative modes of dispute resolution, and to enter into stipulations or admissions of facts and of documents.Section 4 imposes the duty on litigating parties and their respective counsel during pre-trial. The provision also provides for the instances where the non-appearance of a party may be excused. Nothing, however, in Section 4 provides for a sanction should the parties or their respective counsel be absent during pre-trial. Instead, the penalty is provided for in Section 5. Notably, what Section 5 penalizes is the failure to appear of either the plaintiff or the defendant, and not their respective counsel.
SEC. 5. Effect of failure to appear. - The failure of the plaintiff to appear when so required pursuant to the next preceding section shall be cause for dismissal of the action. The dismissal shall be with prejudice, unless otherwise ordered by the court. A similar failure on the part of the defendant shall be cause to allow the plaintiff to present his evidence ex parte and the court to render judgment on the basis thereof.
Indeed, the Court has not hesitated to affirm the dismissals of complaints or the allowance of plaintiffs to present evidence ex parte on account of the absence of a party during pre-trial. In United Coconut Planters Bank v. Magpayo,[27] the complaint was dismissed because although the counsel for complainant was present during the pre-trial hearing, the Court affirmed such dismissal on account of said counsel's failure to present any special power of attorney authorizing him to represent the complainant during pre-trial.[28] In Jonathan Landoil International Co. v. Mangudadatu,[29] the defendant and its counsel failed to appear during pre-trial, and the complainants were allowed to present evidence ex parte. After an adverse decision was rendered against the defendant, it filed a motion for new trial in which it cited the illness of defendant's counsel as the reason for his non-appearance during pre-trial. While the Court acknowledged that such argument was not a proper ground for a motion for new trial, it also noted that the appearance of the defendant during pre-trial was also mandatory, and that the defendant failed to justify its own absence during pre-trial.[30]
There are two cases which, at first blush, may seem to affirm the action of the RTC. In the disbarment case of Miwa v. Medina,[31] a lawyer was suspended from the practice for one (1) month for, among others, tailing to appear during pre-trial, thus leading to the declaration of his client, the defendant, in default. At the same time, the Court in Miwa did take the defendant herself to task for also failing to appear during pre-trial, observing that "the failure of a party to appear at pre-trial, giver its mandatory character, may cause her to be non-suited or considered as in default."[32]
In Social Security System v. Chaves,[33] the Social Security System (SSS) itself was named as the defendant in a complaint filed with the RTC of Cagayan de Oro City. The pre-trial brief was filed by the acting assistant branch manager of the SSS in Cagayan de Oro City, who happened to be a lawyer and who also entered his appearance as counsel for the SSS. However, said lawyer was not present during pre-trial, and the SSS was declared in default and the complainants allowed to present their evidence ex parte. The Court affirmed such order of default, noting other procedural violations on the part of SSS, such as the fact that the motion for reconsideration to lift the order of default lacked verification, notice of hearing and affidavit of merit.
Notwithstanding, the Court is not convinced that SSS is ample precedent to affirm an order of default where even though the defendant was present during pre-trial, defendant's counsel failed to appear for the same hearing. The Court in SSS did not make any categorical declaration to this effect. Moreover, it can be observed that in SSS, the counsel himself, the acting assistant branch manager of the SSS, would have been in addition, the representative of the SSS itself, a juridical person which can only make an appearance during pre-trial through a natural person as its duly authorized representative. The Court of Appeals decision upheld in SSS, cited extensively in our decision therein, expressly affirmed the order of default on the ground that "it is the discretion of the trial judge to declare a party-defendant as in defauh for failure to appear at a pre-trial conference." However, in SSS, neither the Court of Appeals nor this Court expressly laid relevance to the fact that the counsel himself, as opposed to the defendant, had not attended the pre-trial.
Upon the other hand, Africa v. Intermediate Appellate Court[34] illuminates the proper standard within which to view the instant petition. It appeared therein that on the day of the pre-trial, counsel for the defendant (therein petitioner) had arrived ten minutes after the case was called. Within that ten-minute span, the trial court had issued an order in open court declaring the defendant in default and authorizing the plaintiff to present its evidence ex parte. A mere two days later, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of plaintiff. The Court reversed the trial court, holding that the order of default was issued with grave abuse of discretion. The reasoning of the Court was grounded primarily on the doctrinal rule that frowned against "the injudicious and often impeluous issuance of default orders,"[35] which led in that case to "a deni[al of the defendant's] basic right to be heard, even after his counsel had promptly explained the reason for his tardiness at the pre-trial."[36]
Still, it would not be proper to consider Africa as the governing precedent herein, influential as it may be to our disposition. It was not clear from the narration in Africa whether the defendant himself was absent during the pre-trial, a circumstance which is determinative to this petition. Moreover, ihe Court's tone in Africa indicated that it was animated by a liberal philosophy towards the procedural rule, implying that the trial court's reversed action was nonetheless adherent to the strict letter of the rule. Whether or not the trial court in Africa acted conformably with the rules depends upon the presence or absence of the defendant therein during pre-trial. It can no longer be discerned whether the Court so ruled in Africa notwithstanding the presence or absence of the defendant therein. It would be disingenuous though to assume, as a means of applying that case as precedent herein, that the defendant was actually present during the pre-trial in Africa.
Hence, we pronounce that the absence of counsel for defendants at pre-trial does not ipso facto authorize the judge to declare the defendant as in default and order the presentation of evidence ex parte. It bears stressing that nothing in the Rules of Court sanctions the presentation of evidence ex parte upon instances when counsel for defendant is absent during pre-trial. The Rules do not countenance stringent construction at the expense of justice and equity.[37] As the Court has previously enunciated:
We cannot look with favor on a course of action which would place the administration of justice in a slraightjacket for then the result would be a poor kind of justice if there would be justice at all. Verily, judicial orders, such as the one subject of this petition, are issued to be obeyed, nonetheless a non-compliance is to be dealt with as the circumstances attending the case may warrant. What should guide judicial action is the principle that a party-litigant is to be given the fullest opportunity to establish the merits of his complaint or defense rather than for him to lose life, liberty or properties on technicalities.[38]Due process dictates that petitioners be deprived of their right to be heard and to present evidence to support their allegations if. and only if, there exists sufficient basis in fact and in law to do so.[39] There being a manifest lack of such basis in this case, petitioners would be unjustly denied of the opportunity to fully defend themselves should the Court affirm the questioned orders which were evidently issued by the RTC with grave abuse of discretion. The better and certainly more prudent course of action in every judicial proceeding is to hear both sides and decide on the merits rather than dispose of a case on technicalities.[40]
While counsel is somewhat to blame for his non-attendance at pre-trial, incidentally the operative act which gave birth to the controversy at bar, it would be most unfair to penalize petitioners for what may be the deficiency of their lawyer when the consequent penalty has no basis in law Particularly mitigating in the instant case is the fact that the counsel for private respondents intimated, at an earlier hearing, a possibility of an amicable settlement to the case. Then, counsel for petitioners submitted a manifestation[41] requesting therein that the parties be given ample time to respectively discuss their proposals and counter-proposals and that the hearing for 23 January 2004 be moved to a later date as may be agreed upon by the parties for submission of their possible compromise agreement. It may well have been that counsel for petitioners labored under the false understanding that a compromise agreement was an imminent possibility. The Court nonetheless notes that counsel was remiss in assuming that his motion to reset the scheduled hearing would necessarily be granted by the court a quo.
Be that as it may. there is no clear demonstration that the acts of the counsel of petitioners were intended to perpetuate delay in the litigation of the case. Assuming arguendo that the trial court correctly construed the actions of the counsel of petitioners to be dilatory, it cannot be said that the court was powerless and virtually without recourse but to order the ex parte presentation of evidence by therein plaintiffs. We are in some sympathy with the judge who was obviously aggrieved that the case was dragging on for an undue length of time. Rut even so, there were other remedies available to the court.
Among the inherent powers of the courts expressly recognized by the Rules include the authority to enforce order in proceedings before it,[42] to compel obedience to its judgments, orders and processes,'[43] and to amend and control its process and orders so as to make them conformable to law and justice.[44] Moreover, the Code of Judicial Conduct empowers the courts to judiciously take or initiate disciplinary measures against lawyers for unprofessional conduct.[45] A show cause order To counsel would have been the more cautious and reasonable course of action to take under the circumstances then prevailing. In failing to do so, the trial court impetuously deprived petitioners of the opportunity to meaningfully present an effective defense and to adequately adduce evidence in support of their contentions.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby GRANTED and the resolutions of the Court of Appeals affirming the Orders of the Regional Trial Court in Civil Case No. R-3 111 dated 23 January 2004 and 17 February 2004 are REVERSED. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Quisumbing, (Chaiperson), Carpio, Carpio-Morales, and Velasco, Jr., JJ., concur.
[1] Rollo, pp. 4-5.
[2] Id. at 46.
[3] Id. at 47.
[4] Id. at 46-52.
[5] Id. at 55; CA and RTC records consistently refer to petitioner as ''Paderes" albeit the Petition dated 5 August 2004 before this Court identifies petitioner as "Paredes." We adopt the CA and RTC usage for purposes of this decision.
[6] Id. at 32.
[7] ld.
[8] ld. at 33.
[9] Id. at 82-83.
[10] TSN, I 1 November 2003, pp. 5-8.
[11] ld. at 5.
[12] Rollo, pp. 63-64.
[13] ld. at 40.
[14] ld. at 41; Order dated 17 February 2004.
[15] In a Resolution penned by Associate Justice Ramon M. Bato, Jr., concurred in by Associate Justices Isaias P. Dicdican and Estela M. Perlas-Bemabe.
[16] Rollo, p. 33.
[17] Id. at 37.
[18] G.R. No. 124243, 15 June 2000, 333 SCRA 465.
[19] Rollo. pp. 37-38.
[20] See 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCRDURE, Rule 46, Sec. 3.
[21] Salazar v. Court of Appeals, 426 Phil. 864, 876 (2002), citing Piglas-Kamao (Sari-Sari Chapter), et al v. NLRC, G.R. No. 138556, May 9, 2001; Cusi-Hernandez v. Diaz, et al., 336 SCR A 113. I M (2000); Pacific Life Assurance Corporation v. Sison, 299 SCRA 16, 22 (1998).
[22] See Cadayona v. Court of Appeals, 381 Phil. 619, 626-627 (2000); Cusi-Hernandez v. Sps. Diaz, 390 Phil. 1245, 1251 (2000).
[23] G.R. No. 154407, 14 February 2005, 451 SCRA 275.
[24] See Social Security System v. Chaves, G.R. No. 151259, 13 October 2004, 440 SCRA 269, 276.
[25] Ang Tibay v. CIR et al., 69 Phil. 635 (1940). See Continental Bank v. Tiangco, G.R. No. 50480, 14 December 1979. See also Poso v. Mijares 436 Phil. 295, 314 (2002), citing De Vera v. Pelayo, G.R No. 137354, 6 July 2000 and Daracan v. Natividad, A.M. No. RT.N99-1447, 27 September 2000.
[26] Ang Tibay v. CIR, et al., supra. See Palu-ay v. Court of Appeals, 355 Phil. 94 (1998); People v. Santiago, G.R. No. 80778, 20 June 1989, 174 SCRA 1-13; Poso v. Mijares, supra.
[27] G.R. No. 149908, 27 May 2004, 429 SCRA 669.
[28] Id. at 673-675.
[29] G.R. No 155010, 16 August 2004, 436 SCRA 559.
[30] Id. at 569.
[31] AC. No. 5854. 30 September 2003, 4 12 SCRA 275.
[32] Id at 281.
[33] Supra note 24.
[34] G.R. No. 76372, 14 August 1990, 188 SCRA 586.
[35] Id. at 590.
[36] Id. at 591.
[37] Rule 1. Sec 6. See also Obut v. Court of Appeals. 70 SCRA 546 (1976); Heirs of the Late F. Nuguid Vda. De Haberer v. Court of Appeals, 192 Phil. 61 (1981), Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines v. Celebrity Travel and Tours, Incorporated, G.R. No. 155524, 12 August 2004, 436 SCRA 356.
[38] Obut v. Court of Appeals, supra; Emphasis supplied.
[39] Ang Tibay v. CIR, et al., 69 Phil. 635 (1940), supra note 25.
[40] Obut v. Court of Appeals, supra note 37: Heirs of Nuguid Vda. De Haberer v. Court of Appeals, supra.
[41] Manifestation of Willingness to Settle with Request for Cancellation of Hearing, dated 5 January 2004, rollo, pp. 63-65.
[42] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(b).
[43] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(c).
[44] See RULES OF COURT, Rule 135, Sec. 5(g).
[45] See CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT, Rule 3.10, Canon 3.