SECOND DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 138382-84, February 12, 2002 ]PEOPLE v. ROLANDO ASPIRAS +
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. ROLANDO ASPIRAS, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
D E C I S I O N
PEOPLE v. ROLANDO ASPIRAS +
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. ROLANDO ASPIRAS, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
D E C I S I O N
BUENA, J.:
This is an appeal from the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Parañaque, Metro Manila, Branch 259 finding accused-appellant Rolando Aspiras and accused Rodolfo San Lorenzo guilty beyond reasonable doubt of unlawfully selling marijuana, a prohibited
drug, in violation of Section 4, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended, and sentencing each of them to suffer imprisonment ranging from six (6) months of arresto mayor, as minimum, to six (6) years of prision correccional as maximum. For violation of Section 8
thereof, only accused-appellant Aspiras was found guilty of possessing prohibited drugs and was sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay a fine of five hundred thousand pesos P500,000.00.
In Criminal Case No. 95-1009 accused-appellant Aspiras and accused Lorenzo were charged with violation of Section 4, Article II of R.A. No. 6425, as amended. The information reads:
On February 9, 1995, in Criminal Case No. 95-1009, only accused Lorenzo was arraigned and pleaded not guilty to the charge.[5] Meanwhile, the arraignment of accused-appellant Aspiras in Criminal Cases Nos. 95-1009 and 95-1010 was deferred pending the ascertainment of the quantity of prohibited drug stated in the information.[6]
On February 21, 1995, accused-appellant Aspiras was arraigned and entered a plea of not guilty in both criminal cases.[7]
At the trial, police aid Jerry Sabino and PO3 Jose Soreta testified for the prosecution. The testimony of Forensic Chemist Edwin Purificando was dispensed with since the parties adopted his testimonial and documentary evidence given before MTC Branch 77 in Criminal Case No. 80148[8] prior to its consolidation with Criminal Cases Nos. 95-1009 to 95-1010. For the defense, accused-appellant Aspiras and accused San Lorenzo testified.
The prosecution established the following facts:
On December 26, 1994, Sr. Inspector Valdez of Parañaque Philippine National Police Drug Enforcement Unit received a telephone call, informing him that a certain alias Rolly, later identified as Rolando Aspiras, herein accused-appellant, of Tambo Parañaque was peddling prohibited drugs. Upon such information, Sr. Insp. Valdez constituted PO3 Jose Soreta, Police Aides (P/A) Abelardo Soto and Jerry Sabino to conduct a surveillance operation on Rolando Aspiras. On the same day, surveillance was conducted at J. Puyat Compound where the house of the suspected peddler was located. Afterwards, the surveillance team went back to the police station and planned a buy-bust operation. On December 27, 1994, at around 7 in the evening, P/A Jerry Sabino acted as the poseur-buyer while PO3 Soreta, P/A Soto and Crisanto Cruz positioned themselves approximately ten meters away from Aspiras' house. When Sabino called for Aspiras, Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo alias Bukol went out and inquired what Sabino wanted. Sabino related to San Lorenzo that he wanted to 'score' or buy marijuana for P50.00 pesos. Sabino then gave to San Lorenzo the marked 5 pieces of ten peso bills worth P50.00. Upon receipt of such amount, San Lorenzo entered Aspiras' house. Soon after, Aspiras came out and asked Sabino if he was the one who wanted to score. When Sabino confirmed, Aspiras handed five (5) pieces of aluminum foils. Upon verifying its contents as marijuana, Sabino signaled his companions to make the arrest. When Aspiras saw the rest of Sabino's companions, he rushed inside his house and the police team sought after him. Thereat, the marked money was recovered from Aspiras while PO3 Soreta seized two bricks of marijuana flower tops wrapped in plastic bag under a table. Afterwards, Aspiras and San Lorenzo were brought to the headquarters and the marijuana flower tops were sent to the NBI for examination. Charges were then filed against Aspiras and San Lorenzo for violation of Sections 4 and 8 of R.A. 6425, as amended.
The defense told an entirely different story. Accused-appellant Aspiras testified that on December 27, 1994 at around 5:00 in the afternoon, he was in his house at 16th St. Puyat Compound Tambo, Parañaque with his wife and five (5) children. At around 7 in the evening, PO3 Soreta, wearing a police uniform, and his three (3) companions, in civilian clothes, forcibly entered his house while one (1) stayed outside. At gunpoint, he was ordered to stand and was handcuffed by Soreta. He asked what the problem was and the police asked him where he hid the shabu. Upon responding that there was none, the police began searching but nothing was found. Soreta instructed him to bow his head. Thereafter, P/A Sabino proceeded to the kitchen. Aspiras noticed that there was something bulging in P/A Sabino's jacket as the latter approached the kitchen. After less than 2 minutes, Sabino came out and uttered: "Sir, meron pa lang itinatagong marijuana dito." Aspiras denied ownership of the marijuana. He was informed that the marijuana bricks were taken from the ceiling. Afterwhich, Aspiras was brought out of his house and walked more or less 20 meters towards Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo's residence. When they arrived at San Lorenzo's house, accused-appellant Aspiras saw San Lorenzo in handcuffs and both of them were brought to the Coastal Police Headquarters.
For his part, accused Rodolfo San Lorenzo testified that on December 27, 1994 at around 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. while he was resting in his house with his wife and children in Puyat Compound, he heard someone knocking at his door. When he opened the door, he saw P/A Soto who invited him to go to the police station at Coastal. Upon inquiring for the reason, P/A Soto asked if he was selling shabu. When he told him that he has no knowledge thereof, P/A Soto pushed him inside his house and PO3 Soreta and P/A Sabino immediately followed and forced their way in and started to search the house. While the search ensued, P/A Sabino asked accused San Lorenzo about his source of the prohibited drugs. San Lorenzo replied that he could not show any shabu. Thereafter, he was brought out of his house where he saw accused-appellant Aspiras in handcuffs. They were brought to the Coastal police headquarters and detained. The following day, both him and accused-appellant Aspiras were investigated by Chief Inspector Valdez and charges for violation of R.A. 6425, as amended were filed against them.
On January 30, 1996, the trial court rendered its judgment convicting accused-appellant Aspiras and accused San Lorenzo of selling marijuana in violation of Section 4, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended. With respect to the charge of possessing prohibited drugs under Section 8 thereof, accused San Lorenzo was acquitted while accused-appellant Aspiras was convicted. The dispositive portion of the decision states:
Is the evidence presented before the trial court sufficient to warrant accused-appellant's conviction?
The evidence shows that upon an information of alleged involvement of accused-appellant in the sale of prohibited drugs, the PNP-Drug Enforcement Unit surveyed the area and identified accused-appellant's residence. After the surveillance, a buy-bust operation was planned and the serial numbers of five (5) pieces of P10.00 bills were written in the office logbook. Then, the day after the surveillance, the buy-bust operation was conducted.
A buy-bust operation is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers to catch a malefactor in flagrante delicto. It has been defined as the employment of such ways and means for the purpose of trapping or capturing a lawbreaker. The idea to commit the crime originates from the accused; nobody induces or prods him into committing the offense.[12]
The testimonies of P/A Sabino and PO3 Soreta had sufficiently established how the crime was committed. The fact that accused-appellant handed to P/A Sabino the five marijuana aluminum foils amounting to P50.00 pesos constitute the illegal sale of marijuana. There is no fixed procedure for conducting "buy-bust" operation and no rule of law requires the simultaneous exchange of the marked money and the prohibited or regulated drug between the poseur-buyer and the pusher or seller. The well-entrenched principle is that the crime of illegal sale is committed as soon as the sale transaction is consummated, whether payment precedes or follows delivery of the drug sold.[13]
The trial court found the version offered by the defense to be "totally without merit and unworthy of belief." The prosecution has established that the buy-bust team was able to buy from accused-appellant five pieces of aluminum foils containing dried marijuana flower tops worth P50.00 pesos. Through the buy-bust operation, accused-appellant was caught in flagrante selling marijuana.
The trial court correctly pointed out that there is no improper motive on the part of the prosecution witnesses to testify against accused-appellant. The buy-bust operation was formed by the police officers precisely to test the veracity of the tip and in order to apprehend the perpetrator. The testimonies of the apprehending officers who caught accused-appellant red-handed should be given full faith and credence since they are presumed to be in the regular performance of their official duties as police officers.
Basically, accused-appellant's assignment of errors is focused on the issue of credibility. The rule is settled that the findings of the trial court on the credibility of witnesses are entitled to the highest degree of respect and will not be disturbed on appeal absent any clear showing that it overlooked, misunderstood or misapplied some facts or circumstances of weight or substance which could have affected the result of the case.[14] We do not find any such oversight on the part of the trial court.
While the conviction of accused-appellant in selling prohibited drugs is warranted, accused-appellant should be liable only for such crime and his acquittal for possessing two bricks of marijuana flower tops is called for.
It appears that the police officers' justification for the seizure of the prohibited drugs was rooted from the fact that the intrusion and search was pursuant to accused-appellant's lawful arrest after selling marijuana to a member of the buy-bust team. A search incident to a lawful arrest is limited to the person of one arrested and the premises within his immediate control. [15]
Under the "plain view doctrine," unlawful objects within the "plain view" of an officer who has the right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be presented in evidence.[16] Nonetheless, the seizure of evidence in plain view must comply with the following elements: (a) a prior valid intrusion based on the valid warrantless arrest in which the police are legally present in the pursuit of their official duties; (b) the evidence was inadvertently discovered by the police who had the right to be where they are; (c) the evidence must be immediately apparent; and (d) "plain view" justified mere seizure of evidence without further search.[17]
The record shows that the two bricks of marijuana flower tops with the total weight of 1.440 kilograms were recovered under the table, wrapped in a plastic bag. On this note, PO3 Jose Soreta testified:
With the foregoing facts duly established, accused-appellant must be, and is hereby held liable, only for the sale of marijuana.
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from finding accused-appellant Rolando Aspiras guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violating Section 4, Article II of Republic Act No. 6425, as amended is hereby AFFIRMED. For violation of Section 8, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended, accused-appellant Aspiras is hereby ACQUITTED.
It appearing that accused-appellant has been detained since December 27, 1994 per Order of Judge Zosimo V. Escano dated January 30, 1996,[22] much beyond the maximum range of his indeterminate sentence, his immediate release from custody is hereby ordered, unless he is being held for some other lawful cause.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, (Chairman), Mendoza, Quisumbing, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
[1] Records, p. 1.
[2] Records, p. 5; Amended Information, records, p. 15.
[3] Records, p. 148.
[4] Ibid., p. 6 and 8.
[5] Ibid., p. 12 to 13.
[6] Ibid., p. 12.
[7] Ibid., p. 17.
[8] Ibid., p. 58.
[9] Records, pp. 153-155.
[10] CA- Rollo, p.12.
[11] see CA- Rollo, p. 116.
[12] People vs. Yumang, 222 SCRA 119, 123 [1993].
[13] People vs. Ponsica, 230 SCRA 87 [1994].
[14] People vs. Magno, 296 SCRA 443, 451 [1998].
[15] People vs. Salanguit, G.R. Nos. 133254-55, April 19, 2001.
[16] Ibid.
[17] People vs. Aruta, 288 SCRA 626, 637 [1998].
[18] TSN, August 1, 1995, pp. 11-13.
[19] G.R. Nos. 133254-55 promulgated on April 19, 2001.
[20] People vs. Nzenza, G.R. No. 125985, April 20, 2001.
[21] People vs. Maongco, 230 SCRA 562 [1994].
[22] Records, p. 157.
In Criminal Case No. 95-1009 accused-appellant Aspiras and accused Lorenzo were charged with violation of Section 4, Article II of R.A. No. 6425, as amended. The information reads:
"That on or about the 27th day of December 1994 in the Municipality of Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused, conspiring and confederating together and both of them mutually helping one another, not being lawfully authorized to possess or otherwise use any prohibited drug, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell, deliver and give away to another for P50.00 dried marijuana flowering tops wrapped in five (5) separate aluminum foils weighing 9.7034 grams, which is a prohibited drug.In Criminal Case No. 95-1010 the information against accused-appellant Aspiras alleged:
"CONTRARY TO LAW. "[1]
"That on or about the 27th day of December 1994, in the Municipality of Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, not being lawfully authorized to possess or otherwise use any prohibited drug, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession and under his control and custody 1.4440 kilograms of dried marijuana flowering tops in two bricks which is a prohibited drug.In Criminal Case No. 80148, accused Lorenzo was similarly charged with possession of 1.440 kilograms of dried marijuana, to wit:
"CONTRARY TO LAW."[2]
"That on or about the 27th day of December, 1994, in the Municipality of Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused not being lawfully authorized to possess or otherwise use any prohibited drug, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession and under his control and custody 1.440 kilograms of dried marijuana flowering tops in two bricks which is a prohibited drug.Upon motion of the defense counsel, the cases were consolidated and jointly tried.[4]
"CONTRARY TO LAW."[3]
On February 9, 1995, in Criminal Case No. 95-1009, only accused Lorenzo was arraigned and pleaded not guilty to the charge.[5] Meanwhile, the arraignment of accused-appellant Aspiras in Criminal Cases Nos. 95-1009 and 95-1010 was deferred pending the ascertainment of the quantity of prohibited drug stated in the information.[6]
On February 21, 1995, accused-appellant Aspiras was arraigned and entered a plea of not guilty in both criminal cases.[7]
At the trial, police aid Jerry Sabino and PO3 Jose Soreta testified for the prosecution. The testimony of Forensic Chemist Edwin Purificando was dispensed with since the parties adopted his testimonial and documentary evidence given before MTC Branch 77 in Criminal Case No. 80148[8] prior to its consolidation with Criminal Cases Nos. 95-1009 to 95-1010. For the defense, accused-appellant Aspiras and accused San Lorenzo testified.
The prosecution established the following facts:
On December 26, 1994, Sr. Inspector Valdez of Parañaque Philippine National Police Drug Enforcement Unit received a telephone call, informing him that a certain alias Rolly, later identified as Rolando Aspiras, herein accused-appellant, of Tambo Parañaque was peddling prohibited drugs. Upon such information, Sr. Insp. Valdez constituted PO3 Jose Soreta, Police Aides (P/A) Abelardo Soto and Jerry Sabino to conduct a surveillance operation on Rolando Aspiras. On the same day, surveillance was conducted at J. Puyat Compound where the house of the suspected peddler was located. Afterwards, the surveillance team went back to the police station and planned a buy-bust operation. On December 27, 1994, at around 7 in the evening, P/A Jerry Sabino acted as the poseur-buyer while PO3 Soreta, P/A Soto and Crisanto Cruz positioned themselves approximately ten meters away from Aspiras' house. When Sabino called for Aspiras, Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo alias Bukol went out and inquired what Sabino wanted. Sabino related to San Lorenzo that he wanted to 'score' or buy marijuana for P50.00 pesos. Sabino then gave to San Lorenzo the marked 5 pieces of ten peso bills worth P50.00. Upon receipt of such amount, San Lorenzo entered Aspiras' house. Soon after, Aspiras came out and asked Sabino if he was the one who wanted to score. When Sabino confirmed, Aspiras handed five (5) pieces of aluminum foils. Upon verifying its contents as marijuana, Sabino signaled his companions to make the arrest. When Aspiras saw the rest of Sabino's companions, he rushed inside his house and the police team sought after him. Thereat, the marked money was recovered from Aspiras while PO3 Soreta seized two bricks of marijuana flower tops wrapped in plastic bag under a table. Afterwards, Aspiras and San Lorenzo were brought to the headquarters and the marijuana flower tops were sent to the NBI for examination. Charges were then filed against Aspiras and San Lorenzo for violation of Sections 4 and 8 of R.A. 6425, as amended.
The defense told an entirely different story. Accused-appellant Aspiras testified that on December 27, 1994 at around 5:00 in the afternoon, he was in his house at 16th St. Puyat Compound Tambo, Parañaque with his wife and five (5) children. At around 7 in the evening, PO3 Soreta, wearing a police uniform, and his three (3) companions, in civilian clothes, forcibly entered his house while one (1) stayed outside. At gunpoint, he was ordered to stand and was handcuffed by Soreta. He asked what the problem was and the police asked him where he hid the shabu. Upon responding that there was none, the police began searching but nothing was found. Soreta instructed him to bow his head. Thereafter, P/A Sabino proceeded to the kitchen. Aspiras noticed that there was something bulging in P/A Sabino's jacket as the latter approached the kitchen. After less than 2 minutes, Sabino came out and uttered: "Sir, meron pa lang itinatagong marijuana dito." Aspiras denied ownership of the marijuana. He was informed that the marijuana bricks were taken from the ceiling. Afterwhich, Aspiras was brought out of his house and walked more or less 20 meters towards Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo's residence. When they arrived at San Lorenzo's house, accused-appellant Aspiras saw San Lorenzo in handcuffs and both of them were brought to the Coastal Police Headquarters.
For his part, accused Rodolfo San Lorenzo testified that on December 27, 1994 at around 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. while he was resting in his house with his wife and children in Puyat Compound, he heard someone knocking at his door. When he opened the door, he saw P/A Soto who invited him to go to the police station at Coastal. Upon inquiring for the reason, P/A Soto asked if he was selling shabu. When he told him that he has no knowledge thereof, P/A Soto pushed him inside his house and PO3 Soreta and P/A Sabino immediately followed and forced their way in and started to search the house. While the search ensued, P/A Sabino asked accused San Lorenzo about his source of the prohibited drugs. San Lorenzo replied that he could not show any shabu. Thereafter, he was brought out of his house where he saw accused-appellant Aspiras in handcuffs. They were brought to the Coastal police headquarters and detained. The following day, both him and accused-appellant Aspiras were investigated by Chief Inspector Valdez and charges for violation of R.A. 6425, as amended were filed against them.
On January 30, 1996, the trial court rendered its judgment convicting accused-appellant Aspiras and accused San Lorenzo of selling marijuana in violation of Section 4, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended. With respect to the charge of possessing prohibited drugs under Section 8 thereof, accused San Lorenzo was acquitted while accused-appellant Aspiras was convicted. The dispositive portion of the decision states:
"WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, this Court finds both Rolando Aspiras y Layuga and Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo 'GUILTY' beyond reasonable doubt for Violation of Sec. 4 Article II, R.A. 6425 as amended.Only Rolando Aspiras appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals raising the following errors:[10]
"Section 4 reads as follows:"Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalty shall range from prision correctional to reclusion perpetua depending on the quantity.
"Sale, Administration, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of Prohibited Drugs The penalty of reclusion perpetua to death and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos to ten million pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, administer, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any prohibited drug, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
"Section 17, R.A. 7659 further reads:
"Sec. 20. Application of Penalties, Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the Crime. The penalties for offenses under Sections 3,4,8 and 9 of Art. II and Sections 14, 15 and 16 of Article III of this Act shall be applied if the dangerous drugs involved in any of the following quantities:
- 40 grams or more opium;
- 40 grams or more of morphine;
- 200 grams or more shabu or methilamphetamine hydrochloride;
- 40 grams or more of heroin;
- 750 grams or more of Indian hemp or marijuana;
- 50 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
- 40 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrocholoride;
- In the case of other dangerous drugs, the quantity of which is far beyond therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Dangerous Drugs Board, after public consultations/hearings conducted for the purpose.
"Both accused Rolando Luyaga Aspiras and Rodolfo Aha San Lorenzo are therefore sentenced to serve an indeterminate penalty of SIX (6) MONTHS of Arresto Mayor as the minimum to SIX (6) YEARS of prision correctional as the maximum thereof.
"Further, this Court finds Rolando Aspiras GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt for Violation of Sec. 8 Art. II R.A. 6425 as amended by R.A. 7659, Sec. 13 of R.A. 7659 reads as follows:
'xxx Sec. 8. Possession or Use of Prohibited Drugs The penalty of reclusion perpetua to death and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand to ten million pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or use any prohibited drug subject to the provisions of Section 20 hereof.'"Accused Rolando Aspiras is therefore sentenced to suffer the penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA there being no aggravating circumstances and to pay a fine of FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND (P500,000.00) PESOS.
"There being no sufficient evidence against San Lorenzo as regards his knowledge or participation with respect to the marijuana bricks found in the house of Rolando Aspiras the Court pronounces him NOT GUILTY of the crime of Violation of Section 8 Article II R.A. 6425 as amended in Crim. Case No. 80148.
"SO ORDERED."[9]
On March 31, 1999, the Court of Appeals rendered its decision affirming the conviction of accused-appellant Aspiras in Criminal Case No. 95-1009 for violation of Sec 4, Art. II of R.A. 6425, as amended. As for violation of Sec. 8 thereof, considering that the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua, the cases were certified to this Court for final determination and appropriate action. The dispositive portion of the decision reads:
- THE COURT ERRED IN NOT GIVING CREDENCE TO THE DEFENSE PUT UP BY ACCUSED-APPELLANT ROLANDO ASPIRAS; and
- THE COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING ACCUSED-APPELLANT FOR VIOLATION OF SEC.8 ARTICLE II OF R. A. 6425, AS AMENDED
"WHEREFORE, PURSUANT TO Section 13, Rule 124, 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedures and Article 8, Section 5 of the Constitution of the Philippines and finding the appealed decision in Criminal Case No. 95-1009 to be in accordance with law and the evidence, the same must be affirmed; and further, finding Rolando Aspiras y Luyaga guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of violation of Section 8, Article II, R.A. 6425 as amended by R.A. 7659 with the penalty of reclusion perpetua, we certify these cases to the Honorable Supreme Court for final determination and appropriate action.In this appeal, accused-appellant Aspiras questions the existence of the buy-bust operation, imputes ill-motive on the police officers and asserts that the evidence against him is planted.
"SO ORDERED.[11]
Is the evidence presented before the trial court sufficient to warrant accused-appellant's conviction?
The evidence shows that upon an information of alleged involvement of accused-appellant in the sale of prohibited drugs, the PNP-Drug Enforcement Unit surveyed the area and identified accused-appellant's residence. After the surveillance, a buy-bust operation was planned and the serial numbers of five (5) pieces of P10.00 bills were written in the office logbook. Then, the day after the surveillance, the buy-bust operation was conducted.
A buy-bust operation is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers to catch a malefactor in flagrante delicto. It has been defined as the employment of such ways and means for the purpose of trapping or capturing a lawbreaker. The idea to commit the crime originates from the accused; nobody induces or prods him into committing the offense.[12]
The testimonies of P/A Sabino and PO3 Soreta had sufficiently established how the crime was committed. The fact that accused-appellant handed to P/A Sabino the five marijuana aluminum foils amounting to P50.00 pesos constitute the illegal sale of marijuana. There is no fixed procedure for conducting "buy-bust" operation and no rule of law requires the simultaneous exchange of the marked money and the prohibited or regulated drug between the poseur-buyer and the pusher or seller. The well-entrenched principle is that the crime of illegal sale is committed as soon as the sale transaction is consummated, whether payment precedes or follows delivery of the drug sold.[13]
The trial court found the version offered by the defense to be "totally without merit and unworthy of belief." The prosecution has established that the buy-bust team was able to buy from accused-appellant five pieces of aluminum foils containing dried marijuana flower tops worth P50.00 pesos. Through the buy-bust operation, accused-appellant was caught in flagrante selling marijuana.
The trial court correctly pointed out that there is no improper motive on the part of the prosecution witnesses to testify against accused-appellant. The buy-bust operation was formed by the police officers precisely to test the veracity of the tip and in order to apprehend the perpetrator. The testimonies of the apprehending officers who caught accused-appellant red-handed should be given full faith and credence since they are presumed to be in the regular performance of their official duties as police officers.
Basically, accused-appellant's assignment of errors is focused on the issue of credibility. The rule is settled that the findings of the trial court on the credibility of witnesses are entitled to the highest degree of respect and will not be disturbed on appeal absent any clear showing that it overlooked, misunderstood or misapplied some facts or circumstances of weight or substance which could have affected the result of the case.[14] We do not find any such oversight on the part of the trial court.
While the conviction of accused-appellant in selling prohibited drugs is warranted, accused-appellant should be liable only for such crime and his acquittal for possessing two bricks of marijuana flower tops is called for.
It appears that the police officers' justification for the seizure of the prohibited drugs was rooted from the fact that the intrusion and search was pursuant to accused-appellant's lawful arrest after selling marijuana to a member of the buy-bust team. A search incident to a lawful arrest is limited to the person of one arrested and the premises within his immediate control. [15]
Under the "plain view doctrine," unlawful objects within the "plain view" of an officer who has the right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be presented in evidence.[16] Nonetheless, the seizure of evidence in plain view must comply with the following elements: (a) a prior valid intrusion based on the valid warrantless arrest in which the police are legally present in the pursuit of their official duties; (b) the evidence was inadvertently discovered by the police who had the right to be where they are; (c) the evidence must be immediately apparent; and (d) "plain view" justified mere seizure of evidence without further search.[17]
The record shows that the two bricks of marijuana flower tops with the total weight of 1.440 kilograms were recovered under the table, wrapped in a plastic bag. On this note, PO3 Jose Soreta testified:
In the recent case of People vs. Salanguit,[19] we declared inadmissible the marijuana recovered that was wrapped in newsprint. We likewise reiterated our previous decision that rendered inadmissible the marijuana seized by the NARCOM agents because the said drugs were contained in a plastic bag which gave no indication of its contents. As explained by this Court-
"FISCAL RAMOLETE: "Q: "A: "Q: "A: "Q: "A: "Q: "A: "Q: "A: "Q: "A: "Q: "A:
"Moreover, when the NARCOM agents saw the plastic bag hanging in one corner of the kitchen, they had no clue as to its contents. They had to ask the appellant what the bag contained. When the appellant refused to respond, they opened it and found the marijuana. Unlike Ker v. California, where the marijuana was visible to the police officer's eyes, the NARCOM agents in this case could not have recovered the inculpatory nature of the contents of the bag had they not forcibly opened it. Even assuming then, that the NARCOM agents inadvertently came across the plastic bag because it was within their 'plain view,' what may be said to be the object in their 'plain view' was just the plastic bag and not the marijuana. The incriminating nature of the contents of the plastic bag was not immediately apparent from the 'plain view' of said object. It cannot be claimed that the plastic bag clearly betrayed its contents, whether by its distinctive configuration, its transparency, or otherwise, that its contents are obvious to an observer."While it is true that the police officers had prior justification for intrusion, permitting a warrantless seizure of any piece of evidence incriminating an accused, nonetheless, applying the "plain view doctrine," such must be limited to those evidence that the police officer came across inadvertently. The prosecution failed to show whether or not the plastic bag was transparent that would prove beyond reasonable doubt that the "plain view" of such plastic bag would readily disclose that its contents are marijuana. In our criminal justice system, the overriding consideration is not whether the court doubts the innocence of the accused but whether it entertains a reasonable doubt as to his guilt.[20] If the inculpatory facts and circumstances are capable of two or more explanations, one of which is consistent with the innocence of the accused and the other consistent with his guilt, then the evidence does not fulfill the test of moral certainty and is not sufficient to support a conviction.[21] Corollarily, the two bricks of marijuana are inadmissible in evidence against accused-appellant.
With the foregoing facts duly established, accused-appellant must be, and is hereby held liable, only for the sale of marijuana.
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from finding accused-appellant Rolando Aspiras guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violating Section 4, Article II of Republic Act No. 6425, as amended is hereby AFFIRMED. For violation of Section 8, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended, accused-appellant Aspiras is hereby ACQUITTED.
It appearing that accused-appellant has been detained since December 27, 1994 per Order of Judge Zosimo V. Escano dated January 30, 1996,[22] much beyond the maximum range of his indeterminate sentence, his immediate release from custody is hereby ordered, unless he is being held for some other lawful cause.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, (Chairman), Mendoza, Quisumbing, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
[1] Records, p. 1.
[2] Records, p. 5; Amended Information, records, p. 15.
[3] Records, p. 148.
[4] Ibid., p. 6 and 8.
[5] Ibid., p. 12 to 13.
[6] Ibid., p. 12.
[7] Ibid., p. 17.
[8] Ibid., p. 58.
[9] Records, pp. 153-155.
[10] CA- Rollo, p.12.
[11] see CA- Rollo, p. 116.
[12] People vs. Yumang, 222 SCRA 119, 123 [1993].
[13] People vs. Ponsica, 230 SCRA 87 [1994].
[14] People vs. Magno, 296 SCRA 443, 451 [1998].
[15] People vs. Salanguit, G.R. Nos. 133254-55, April 19, 2001.
[16] Ibid.
[17] People vs. Aruta, 288 SCRA 626, 637 [1998].
[18] TSN, August 1, 1995, pp. 11-13.
[19] G.R. Nos. 133254-55 promulgated on April 19, 2001.
[20] People vs. Nzenza, G.R. No. 125985, April 20, 2001.
[21] People vs. Maongco, 230 SCRA 562 [1994].
[22] Records, p. 157.