Judges are expected to exhibit more than just a cursory acquaintance with statutes and rules.  To be able to render substantial justice and to maintain public confidence in the legal system, they must keep abreast of all laws and prevailing jurisprudence.


In a sworn Administrative Complaint^[1] dated May 12, 2000, Judge Salvacion B. Espinas of the Regional Trial Court (RTC, Branch 5), Legaspi City, was charged by Gerry Jaucian with gross ignorance of the law, gross partiality, bias, incompetence and willful delay in the adjudication of cases.


The facts of the case are summarized by Investigating Justice Teodoro P. Regino of the Court of Appeals (CA) in his January 11, 2001 Report,^[2] which reads as follows:

"Complainant, as losing mayoral candidate for the Municipality of Daraga, Albay, in the May 11, 1998 local elections, filed a petition, dated May 22, 1998, denominated as an 'election protest and/or revision/recounting of votes,' on the ground that fraud and anomalies were allegedly committed during the aforesaid local elections, both in the course of voting and during the counting and tabulation of the ballots, to his prejudice. He prayed for the issuance of an order directing the revision or recounting of the ballots in the contested 114 precincts as enumerated in his petition, the nullification and setting aside of the proclamation of Wilson Andes as mayor, and his own proclamation as mayor.

"Respondent judge subsequently conducted a pre-trial conference on June 10, 1998.

"On June 18, 1998, complainant filed an Omnibus Motion praying for the issuance of an order directing the following: first, for the COMELEC Registrar of the Municipality of Daraga, to deliver to the trial court, the ballot boxes together with other related documents, of the precincts enumerated therein and corresponding [to] the 1998 local elections; second, the appointment of revisors comprised of three (3) members with the clerk of court as chairman; and third, the payment by the protestant and the protestee, of the expenses [for] the recounting of ballots in the amount of five hundred pesos (P500.00) each.

"Without resolving the aforecited motion, the respondent judge issued an order requiring the parties to submit their supporting affidavits but only the complainant complied.

"On December 17, 1998, respondent judge issued an Order submitting the case for resolution.  However, [s]he subsequently issued another Order, dated January 5, 1999, directing the complainant to submit additional affidavits as specified thereat.

"Upon complainant's compliance with the later order, respondent judge issued the assailed Order, dated March 8, 1999 which contained a finding that 'only thirteen (13) ballot boxes were found well supported to warrant the approval of the relief being sought by the protestant' and decreed, as follows:

'WHEREFORE, premises considered, this court hereby orders the Office of the Municipal Treasurer of Daraga, Albay, to deposit with this court the ballot boxes containing the ballots used during the May 11, 1998 Election having the corresponding Precinct Nos. 10-A; 53-1; 229-A; 230-A; 231-A-2; 231-A-1; 13-A; 14-A; 15-A; 44-A; 44-A-1; 50-A and 76-A, their keys, list of votes with voting records, book of voters and other documents used in the election. This should be done within a period of five (5) days from receipt hereof.  From then on, the ballot boxes with all other documents herein above mentioned shall be kept and held [secure] in the care and custody of the Clerk of Court, this Branch (RTC-Branch 5).  The expenses incidental to the bringing of the ballot boxes and other documents before this court and returning them after the termination of the case as well as the compensation of the revisors, shall be charged against the party requesting the revision and paid from their cash deposit which under the circumstances is in the amount of fifty thousand (P50,000) pesos plus damages and attorney's fees if set and an additional filing fee as the case may be based on Rule 29, Annex A page 222 of the updated Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881) as modified/amended by R.A. Nos. 6636, 6646, 6734, 6766, 7166, 7941, 8189 and the 1987 Constitution.

'Upon receipt of the ballot boxes and the rest of the election documents mentioned, this court shall thereafter create such numbers of revision teams as may be necessary for the revision.

'SO ORDERED.'

"The complainant immediately moved for a reconsideration of the aforecited order, on the ground that the allegations in the petition warrant a recount of the ballot boxes and election results in all the precincts stated in the petition. (citing Part VI, Rule 35, Section 12 of the 1993 COMELEC Rules of Procedure and Section 255 of the Omnibus Election  Code)

"He likewise filed a Motion to Correct the Required Payment of Docket Fees, on the ground that Rule 35, Section 10, paragraph (b) of the Omnibus Election Code, only requires the payment of the sum of three hundred pesos (P300.00) for every ballot box.

"The two (2) motions were jointly resolved in an Order, dated March 17, 1999. The motion for correction of docket fees was granted but the motion for reconsideration of the Order, dated March 8, 1999, was denied with respondent judge calling complainant's attention to The updated Election Code of the Philippines (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881) as modified/amended by R.A. Nos. 6636, 6646, 6734, 6766, 6679, 7166, 7941, 8189 and the 1987 Constitution; Annex 'A' Rule 3 page 230, edited & compiled by RTC Judge Amado M. Calderon. "

"Aggrieved by the aforecited order, complainant, by way of petition for certiorari, elevated his case to the Commission on Elections, which subsequently rendered its Resolution, dated November 9, 1999, granting the petition and decreeing, as follows:

'WHEREFORE, the Commission En Banc, resolved as it hereby resolves to:

(a)	SET ASIDE the Order dated March 8, 1999 as well as the subsequent Order dated March 17, 1999, both issued by the public respondent;
(b)	DIRECT public respondent to open the ballot boxes of the 162 contested precincts and revise the contents thereof;
(c)	upon payment by protestant Gerry Jaucian, of the amount necessary to defray expenses in the revision proceedings. Such amount must be computed in accordance with the rates provided under the Comelec Rules of Procedure; and
(d)	Public respondent is directed to expedite proceedings in this case without delay.

' SO ORDERED.'

"After the remand of the case to the respondent judge for disposition, the complainant related, as follows:

'2.12  The Respondent Judge was present during the promulgation of the said Comelec Resolution  (Exhibit 'I'), yet it took her more than one (1) month to issue an Order for the delivery of the 162 ballot boxes, and then again, only upon the insistence of the Protestant (complainant herein).

'2.13  From the filing of the Election Protest in May, 1998, to the issuance of the Order for the delivery of the ballot boxes in 162 contested precincts in December, 1999, a period of more than one (1) year had elapsed. x x x [.]

'2.14  Respondent Judge's intent to delay the case also became manifest

a)	in the fact that she delayed the order for the Custody of Ballot Boxes in the 162 contested precincts for more than one (1) year in manifest disregard of Sec. 255 of the Omnibus Election Code, and of Rule 35, Section 12 of the 1993 COMELEC Rules of Procedures;
b)	in the fact that the revision of ballots started only on February 7, 2000, three (3) months after the promulgation of the COMELEC Resolution, because she delayed the creation of the Revision Committees;
c)	in the fact that no revisions were conducted from April 24 to 25, 2000 because she allowed the Stenographer to attend a seminar without designating a substitute stenographer;
d)	in the fact that no revisions were conducted from May 2 to 6, 2000 because she approved the stenographer's vacation leave without assigning, again, a substitute stenographer;

given the nature of the case, and in the light of the fact that the revision has been delayed for two (2) years already from the time of the filing of the election protest.

'2.15  Further, prior to the Holy Week in April 2000, the Respondent Judge took the key to the room where the ballot boxes were stored from its custodian, Romeo Solano, RTC Branch 5 Clerk, and gave the same key to the janitor without explanation and in manifest disregard of the 1993 Comelec Rules of Procedure, specifically, Part VI, Rule 35, Sec. 12, which states, to wit:

'Sec. 12. Custody of Ballot Boxes, Election Documents and Paraphernalia. - x  x x Said election documents and paraphernalia shall be kept and held secure in a place to be designated by the Court in the care and custody of the Clerk of Court.' [emphasis in the original]

Her actuation has cast suspicion on her integrity, particularly when viewed together with the fact that one ballot box, when opened after the holidays, turned out empty, and Respondent Judge, without reason, refused to have the same photographed.

'2.16 On May 30, 2000, Respondent Judge inhibited herself from the case but only after two (2) Motions for Inhibition were filed. Surprisingly, on June 1, 2000, a day after she inhibited herself, Respondent Judge issued an Order denying Protestant's Motion to Photocopy the Contested Ballots.  x x x.'"^[3] (Citations omitted)

In her Position Paper,^[4] respondent strongly denied the accusations against her and attached several documents to bolster her defense.  She averred that the allegations in the election protest filed by complainant were too generalized to serve as basis for contesting the irregular acts of some of the members of the Board of Election Inspectors.


In its May 21, 2001 Report,^[5] the Office of the Court Administrator (OCA) recommended the following:

"1.	the instant case be RE-DOCKETED as a regular administrative matter; and
"2.	the case be REFERRED to an Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals for investigation, report and recommendation within ninety (90) days from receipt of the records of this case."[6]

The case was subsequently referred by this Court to Justice Teodoro P. Regino of the Court of Appeals for investigation, report and recommendation.


The investigating justice found that respondent, despite being apprised of the relevant law, consistently and unjustly refused to order a recount of all of the contested boxes and ballots.

He then recommended that Her Honor be found liable for issuing an unjust interlocutory order and for delaying the disposition of Election Case No. 02-98, offenses for which she should be penalized with a forfeiture of one month's salary and a fine of three thousand pesos (P3,000), to be deducted from whatever retirement benefits she may be entitled to receive from the government, considering that she had compulsorily retired on January 15, 2001.


We agree with the recommendations of the investigating justice, but with some modifications in the penalty, consistent with newly amended Rule 140 of the Rules of Court.

Ignorance of the Law

Complainant asserts that respondent judge should have ordered a revision of the ballots in all the precincts alleged in the Complaint, pursuant to Section 255 of the Omnibus Election Code.  To justify her March 8, 1999 Order directing a partial revision of the ballots, respondent cites The Updated Election Code of the Philippines^[7] as modified/amended by Republic Act Nos. 6636, 6646, 6766, 6679, 7166, 7941, 8189 and the 1987 Constitution.

We agree with complainant and the investigating justice.  Respondent erred in her appreciation of election laws.  First, the law on which she based her assailed March 8, 1999 Order has been repealed already.  Second, her reliance on Sections 179 and 203 of the Updated Omnibus Election Code is totally misplaced, because these sections are on the rights and duties of watchers, the minutes of voting and the counting of votes, respectively.  More important, they are totally irrelevant to the issue of whether a partial or a total revision of the ballots should be conducted.

The pertinent provisions of law that she should have relied on are Section 255 of the Omnibus Election Code and Section 12 of the 1993 Comelec Rules of Procedure, which we reproduce as follows:

"Sec. 255. Judicial counting of votes in election contest. Where allegations in a protest or counter-protest so warrant, or whenever in the opinion of the court the interests of justice so require, it shall immediately order the book of voters, ballot boxes and their keys, ballots and other documents used in the election be brought before it and that the ballots be examined and the votes recounted."

"Section 12. Custody of Ballot Boxes, Election Documents and Paraphernalia. - Where allegations in a protest, or protest-in-intervention so warrant, or whenever in the opinion of the Court the interest of justice so demands, it shall immediately order the ballot boxes containing the ballots and their keys, list of voters with voting records, book of voters, and other documents used in the election to be brought before it. Said election documents and paraphernalia shall be kept and held secure in the care and custody of the Clerk of Court."

As can be gleaned from the above, respondent grossly erred in ordering a revision of only 13 out of the 162 precincts in Daraga, Albay, contrary to the provision of Section 255 of the Omnibus Election Code.  She also seriously erred in placing the ballot boxes in the custody of a janitor, contrary to the provision of Section 12 of the 1993 Comelec Rules of Procedure.

The crucial question to ask now is:  are these errors sufficient to merit disciplinary sanction from this Court?  We rule in the affirmative.

In Del Callar v. Salvador,^[8] we said:

"x x x.  [J]udges may not be held liable administratively responsible for every error or mistake in the performance of their duties; otherwise, that would make their position unbearable.  To merit disciplinary sanction, the error or mistake must be gross or patent, malicious, deliberate, or in bad faith.  In the absence of proof to the contrary, a defective or erroneous decision or order is presumed to have been issued in good faith."

Indeed, as models of competence, integrity and independence,^[9] judges are expected to exhibit more than just a cursory acquaintance with statutes and procedural rules.  To be able to render substantial justice and maintain public confidence in the legal system, they are expected to keep abreast of all laws, legal principles^[10] and prevailing jurisprudence and to remain conversant with them.^[11] Everyone, especially a judge, is presumed to know the laws^[12] and apply them properly in all good faith. Judicial competence requires no less.^[13] Ignorance of the law excuses no one -- least of all, a judge.^[14]

Thus, judges may be held administratively liable for gross ignorance of the law when it is shown that -- motivated by bad faith, fraud, dishonesty or corruption -- they ignored, contradicted or failed to apply settled law and jurisprudence.^[15]

In this case, respondent's Order on a very basic subject was patently erroneous.^[16] Her failure to observe the requirements prescribed by the Omnibus Election Code for an election protest is inexcusable.^[17] First, the said Code took effect on December 3, 1985, long before the 1998 elections.  Second, the evidence shows that she acted in bad faith, as pointed out by the investigating justice in his Report, which we quote:

"Respondent judge additionally attempted to excuse her ignorance by producing the memorandum (Annex 'f'), dated September 13, 2001, issued by the Philippine Judicial Academy, which allegedly corrects the entry in the Benchbook on Election Laws that presumably prescribed a partial revision of the ballots in consonance with the former rule[.] (Section 7 Rule 20, and Section 14 of Rule 35, as well as Section 13 of Resolution No. 2105, dated May 4, 1989) The argument appears to be a mere afterthought considering that it was clearly not the  authority used by the respondent judge in issuing her assailed orders. In her Order, dated March 17, 1999, she cited Rule 33. The fact that the aforesaid memorandum mentions the repeal of the rule on partial revision of ballots in the COMELEC Resolution No. 2493, dated July 14, 1992, merely emphasized that the respondent judge should not take refuge in the claim of unfamiliar

ity with a newly-issued law or rule."^[18]

Delay

Complainant further contends that respondent judge should also be held liable for her failure to rule promptly on his election protest.  On the other hand, she claims that the delay was caused by the parties themselves, because both took their time in choosing their nominees for the revision committee.  However, as correctly observed by the investigating justice, the delay had occurred long before the appointment of revisors was done.^[19]

Section 17 of the 1993 Comelec Rules of Procedure, which provides the period for deciding election contests, reads thus:

"Sec. 17. Decision on the Contest. - The Court shall decide the election contest within thirty (30) days from the date it is submitted for decision, but in every case within six (6) months after its filing and shall declare who among the parties has been elected, or in a proper case, that none of them has been legally elected. The party who in the judgment has been declared elected shall have the right to assume the office as soon as the judgment becomes final."^[20]

A review of the records reveals that complainant filed his election protest^[21] on May 22, 1998. On June 17, 1998, he filed a Motion to Expedite Proceedings, but to no avail.  After requesting the submission of affidavits, respondent issued the Order decreeing the revision of the ballots in only 13 out of the 162 contested precincts.  This Order was appealed by complainant with the Commission on Elections (Comelec).  In its November 9, 1999 Resolution,^[22] Comelec directed the revision of the ballot boxes in all the 162 precincts and directed respondent to expedite the proceedings.  However, it took Her Honor three (3) months to begin such revision.  On May 30, 2000, she inhibited herself from hearing the election protest.

Clearly, respondent unreasonably procrastinated in dealing with complainant's election protest.  From the time it was filed on May 22, 1998 until she inhibited herself from the case on May 30, 2000, only the appointment of revisors had been done.

This unreasonable procrastination certainly aggravated her gross ignorance of the law.  However, since she has already retired and has had no record of previous serious administrative infractions, the Court will be lenient in applying the corresponding penalty.

Sanction

Section 11 of Rule 140 of the Rules of Court, which provides the sanctions for a judge found guilty of the serious charge of gross ignorance of the law or procedure, reads as follows:

"SEC. 11.  Sanctions. A.  If the respondent is guilty of a serious charge, any of the following sanctions may be imposed:

'1. Dismissal from the service, forfeiture of all or part of the benefits as the Court may determine, and disqualification from reinstatement or appointment to any public office, including government-owned or controlled corporations.  Provided, however, that the forfeiture of benefits shall in no case include accrued leave credits;

'2. Suspension from office without salary and other benefits for more than three (3) but not exceeding six (6) months; or

'3. A fine of more than P20,000.00 but not exceeding P40,000.00.'

"B.     If the respondent is guilty of a less serious charge, any of the following sanctions shall be imposed:

'1. Suspension from office without salary and other benefits for not less than one (1) nor more than three (3) months; or

'2 A fine of more than P10,000.00 but not exceeding P20,000.00.'

"x x x                                             x x x                                             x x x."

WHEREFORE, Judge Salvacion B. Espinas is hereby found LIABLE  for gross ignorance of the law and for undue delay in judicial proceedings.  She is ORDERED to pay a fine of P20,001 which shall be deducted from her retirement benefits.

SO ORDERED.

Melo, (Chairman), Vitug, Sandoval-Gutierrez, and Carpio, JJ., concur.

---

^[1] Complaint, pp. 1-8; rollo, pp. 2-9.

^[2] Signed by Justice Teodoro P. Regino of the Court of Appeals.

^[3] CA Report, pp. 1-5.

^[4] Rollo, pp. 115-116.

^[5] Signed by Deputy Court Administrator Jose P. Perez with the recommending approval of acting Court Adminstrator Zenaida N. Elepano.

^[6] Rollo, p. 55.

^[7] Batas Pambansa Blg. 881.

^[8]  268 SCRA 320,330, February 17, 1997, per Davide, J. (now CJ).

^[9] Rule 1.01, Canon 1 of the Code of Judicial Conduct.

^[10] Martin v. Guerrero, 317 SCRA 166, October 22, 1999.

^[11] Carpio v. De Guzman, 262 SCRA 615, October 2, 1996.

^[12] Cortes v. Agcaoili, 294 SCRA 423, August 20, 1998.

^[13] Cortes v. Catral,  279 SCRA 1, September 10, 1997.

^[14] Ualat v. Ramos, 265 SCRA 345, December  6, 1996.

^[15] Rallo v. Gako Jr., 344 SCRA 178, October 24, 2000; Zarate v. Balderian, 329 SCRA 558, April 3, 2000, citing In Re: Joaquin Borromeo, 241 SCRA 405, February 21, 1995.

^[16] Zarate v. Balderian, supra.

^[17] Siawan v. Inopiquez Jr., AM No. MTJ-95-1056, May 21, 2001.

^[18] CA Report, p. 9.

^[19] CA Report, p. 12.

^[20] Rule 35, Part VI of provisions governing election contests and quo warranto cases before the trial court.

^[21] Rollo, pp. 10-12.

^[22] Ibid., pp. 108-110.