The sole testimony of a rape victim, if clear and credible, is sufficient to convict the accused.  Denials cannot prevail over positive assertions.


Pedro Daramay Jr. appeals the June 24, 1999 Decision^[1] of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Iriga City (Branch 37) in Criminal Case Nos. Ir-4716 and Ir-4717, in which he was adjudged guilty of rape beyond reasonable doubt.  The decretal portion of the Decision reads as follows:

"WHEREFORE, the Court finds the accused Pedro Daramay, Jr. guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape under Criminal Case No. Ir-4716 as principal thereof, and hereby sentences accused to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to indemnify Diana Estadilla P60,000.00 as moral damages."^[2]

Appellant was charged with two (2) counts of rape allegedly committed on January 14, 1998 and January 31, 1998.  The Information on the first charge, docketed as Criminal Case No. Ir-4716, reads as follows:

"That on or about the 14^th day of January, 1998, in Barangay San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, by means of force, violence, threat and intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously succeed in having carnal knowledge [of] one Diana J. Estadilla, against her will and without her consent, to her damage and prejudice in such amount as shall be proven in court."^[3]

On the other hand, the second Information, docketed as Criminal Case No. Ir-4717, reads thus:

"That on or about the 31^st day of January, 1998, in Barangay San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, by means of force, violence, threat and intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously succeed in having carnal knowledge [of] one Diana Estadilla, against her will and without her consent, to her damage and prejudice in such amount as shall be proven in court."^[4]

During his arraignment on July 7, 1998, appellant pleaded "not guilty"^[5] to both charges.  After due trial on the merits, the RTC convicted him of rape in Criminal Case No. Ir-4716, but dismissed Criminal Case No. Ir-4717 for insufficiency of evidence.


In its Brief,^[6] the Office of the Solicitor General presents the prosecution's version of the factual incidents as follows:

"At about 11:00 o'clock in the morning of January 14, 1998, Diana J. Estadilla, married and a resident of San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur left her house at San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur to buy ice at a nearby store.  On her way to the store, appellant Pedro Daramay, Jr., Diana's neighbor, who was standing at the doorway of his house called Diana.  Thinking that appellant was being neighborly, Diana approached appellant without any hesitation.  However, when Diana reached appellant's doorway, the latter suddenly grabbed Diana's hand and dragged her inside his house.  Diana shouted for help but appellant instantly covered her mouth with his hand.  To immobilize Diana, appellant pushed her against the wall, facing it, and pressed the full weight of his body against hers.  Appellant covered her mouth with his left hand.  Afterwards, appellant removed his shorts and brief by using his right hand.  Immediately thereafter, appellant pulled down Diana's short pants and panty likewise using his right hand.  Aroused, appellant attempted to penetrate Diana but did not succeed as she had vehemently resisted.  Appellant persisted.  He forcibly pried open Diana's legs by kicking them hard and when they were apart, he forcibly inserted his penis into her vagina.  Diana felt weak as appellant made push and pull movements.  After satisfying his lust, appellant threatened Diana that harm would befall her and her family if she were to tell anyone of the incident.  Trembling and petrified, Diana immediately went home.  Having be[e]n intimidated, Diana did not go out of her house nor did she reveal to her husband what appellant did to her.

"On March 11, 1998, Diana executed a sworn statement relative to the incident before the Municipal Circuit Trial Court of Nabua, Bato, Camarines Sur.

"A warrant of arrest of appellant was issued by Hon. Orlando L. Espinas, then Pairing Judge, Fifth Judicial Region, Branch 37, Iriga City."^[7]

In his Brief^[8], appellant did not present a statement of facts.  He simply denied that any incident of rape occurred on January 14, 1998.  However, he admitted having had consensual intercourse with complainant on another occasion.^[9] In an attempt to cast doubt on the probability of the occurrence of the alleged rape on January 14, 1998, he stated that she continued to go to his house even after that date.  He cited two specific instances to support his claim: (1) on January 31, 1998, she allegedly went to his house on the pretext that she wanted his wife to teach her how to make cassava cake; and (2) on January 21, 1998, complainant supposedly requested him to go to her house to repair the water pump, which he refused to do to avoid any scandal.^[10]


The RTC ruled that the self-serving assertions of appellant that he had been seduced by complainant cannot prevail over her positive and candid statements.  It gave credence to her testimony, because it was positive, clear and straightforward.  Noting her appearance to be that of a simple, reticent and unsophisticated woman, the trial court opined that she could not have seduced him, whom her family considered to be a good neighbor.

Hence, this appeal.^[11]


In his eight-page Brief, appellant assigns this single error for our consideration:

"The trial court erred in not appreciating vital testimonies of Aida Estadilla and in convicting the appellant in Crim. Case No. Ir-4716."^[12]


The appeal has no merit.


Appellant assails the lower court's Decision for giving credence to the "weak evidence" presented by the prosecution.

We disagree.  First, the records clearly show that complainant testified positively, clearly and credibly on how she had been raped by appellant on January 14, 1998.  The relevant portions of her testimony are reproduced as follows:

"WITNESS
A	I was walking going to the store to buy ice and that devil man called for me.
PROSECUTOR RAMOS:
Q	Who is that man?
A	Daramay, Jr.
Q	The person you just pinpointed a while ago?
A	Yes, sir.
Q	Where was he when he called you?
A	He was in his house by the door.
Q	And where is his house located?
A	In San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur.
Q	And what did you do when the accused in this case, Pedro Daramay, called you?
A	When he called for me, trusting that he was our neighbor, I went near him.
Q	And what happened next when you went near to him?
A	He suddenly grab[bed] my hand and pulled me inside his house.
Q	And what did you do when the accused grabbed you and pulled you inside his house?
A	When he grabbed my hand I shouted but he covered my mouth and he pulled me inside his house.
Q	When the accused pulled you inside his house[,] what happened there?
A	He pushed me to the wall.
Q	And then?
A	He pushed me to the wall and since I was so nervous he pinned me to the wall and he removed his shorts and brief and after that he also removed my shorts and my panty and I was very nervous at that time.
Q	And what did you do when the accused was removing your panty?
A	He started having sexual intercourse with me and when I was not giving in[,] he kicked my leg.
COURT:
	While you were standing and pinned against the wall?
A	Yes, your Honor.
COURT:
	Proceed.
PROSECUTOR RAMOS:
Q	And when the accused kicked you what happened next?
WITNESS:
A	He pushed me to the wall and that was the time he was able to insert his penis [into] my vagina.
Q	And what were you doing also when the accused was inserting his penis [in]to your vagina?
A	I was already very weak and I could not resist because he was pushing me very tightly.
Q	And what else happened when the accused inserted his penis [in]to your vagina?
A	The insertion took a while and after he had used me he already sent me home and he did not allow me to go to the store to buy ice because he threatened me that I should not tell anybody.
Q	Can you tell the Honorable Court how the accused threatened you?
A	He told me, 'Huwag kang magsumbong kahit kanino, kung hindi may mangyayari sa pamilya mo.' (Don't tell anybody especially your husband or else something will happen to your family.[)]
Q	And what was in your mind after the accused threatened you with those x x x words?
A	I was not x x x my usual self because I often remember what had happened to me.
Q	By the way, what did you do when the accused was raping you?
A	I was very nervous; I [didn't] know what that man was doing to me.
COURT:
Q	Do you mean to tell the court that you [did] not know what the accused did to [you] because of your nervousness?
WITNESS:
A	Yes, your Honor because he was very strong.
Q	How did you know that the accused here inserted his penis [in]to your vagina?
A	I noticed it when it was already slippery when something came out.
Q	So at the time that the accused penetrated his penis into yours you did not know what was happening?
A	No[,] because I was really very nervous and I did not know what was happening.
COURT:
	Proceed.
PROS. RAMOS:
Q	You said that you noticed that it was already slippery because something came out.  What was that?
WITNESS:
A	Tamod or semen.
COURT:
Q	Why were you able to know and you even [say] that it was like coconut milk?
A	Because when I reached home I washed my organ and I felt it was slippery.
PROS. RAMOS:
Q	Are you familiar [with] semen or tamod?
COURT:
	She is a married woman.
WITNESS:
A	Yes, because I am already married.
PROS. RAMOS:
Q	Did you know from whom it came?
ATTY. BELTRAN:
	I think she is incompetent to testify on that.
COURT:
	She already relayed here that there was penetration and it means who penetrated her was the accused.
ATTY. BELTRAN:
	That is presumption.
COURT:
	Let the answer remain on record.
WITNESS:
A	From the accused.
PROS. RAMOS:
Q	After the accused told you to go home and no longer buy ice[,] where did you go?
A	I did not proceed anymore to the store.  I just went home and I did not go out of the house anymore.
Q	Did you inform your family or your husband that the accused raped you?
A	No, I did not tell them especially my husband because I pitied my husband.
Q	Is that the only reason why you did not inform your husband what happened to you?
A	I don't want to tell him right away.
COURT:
Q	The question is if that was the only reason, why did you not tell your husband?
WITNESS:
A	Because I was afraid and I [didn't] want to tell him right away.
PROS. RAMOS:
Q	And why [were] you afraid?
A	As I have said I was so afraid and I did not want to tell my husband right away.
Q	Why, did you not [say] a while ago that you were threatened by the accused?
A	Yes, sir."[13]

Second, this Court agrees with the RTC that it is highly inconceivable for a simple and unsophisticated wife and mother like complainant to fabricate a tale of rape, considering that this could cause humiliation to her family and jeopardize her relations with her husband.^[14] Moreover, no bad blood existed between her family and that of appellant, as his own wife admitted.  In fact, it was shown during the trial that complainant and her family were very close to his family, which even considered her as one of their own.^[15] This fact makes it improbable for her to accuse appellant out of spite or revenge.

Victim's Testimony
Sufficient to Convict

Jurisprudence states that the accused may be convicted solely on the testimony of the complaining witness.^[16] This is especially true in a rape case in which, oftentimes, only two persons are involved -- the offender and the offended party.^[17] Thus, the lone testimony of the victim, if credible, is sufficient to sustain a conviction.  It is settled that when a woman says she has been raped, she says in effect all that is necessary to show that rape has been committed; and that if her testimony meets the test of credibility, the accused may be convicted on the basis thereof.^[18] Appellant's denial cannot prevail over complainant's direct, positive and categorical assertion which rings with truth.  Denial, being inherently a weak defense, cannot outweigh complainant's positive testimony.^[19] As between a positive and categorical testimony which has a ring of verity on the one hand and a bare denial on the other, the former is generally held to prevail.^[20]

Minor Details
Insufficient to Discredit

Appellant asserts the alleged improbability of his intercourse with complainant, who testified that he was behind her while she was standing up.  In the light of her harrowing experience, she cannot be expected to recall where she was facing when he raped her.  What is important is her vivid recollection that he sexually attacked her against her will.^[21]

Trial Court's Factual Findings
Binding and Conclusive

Appellant alleges that the RTC erred in not appreciating the testimony of complainant's daughter, Aiza Estadilla.  However, nowhere in his Brief does he explain why he considers this an error.

Time and time again, this Court has said that the assessment of the credibility of witnesses and their testimonies is a matter best undertaken by a trial court because of its unique opportunity to observe the witnesses firsthand; and to note their demeanor, conduct and attitude under examination.  Its findings on such matters are binding and conclusive on appellate courts unless some facts or circumstances of weight and substance have been overlooked, misapprehended or misinterpreted.^[22] Since appellate courts have access only to inanimate transcripts of stenographic notes of the testimonies of the witnesses during the trial and to the various documentary evidence adduced by both parties, they must rely on the assessment of the trial court regarding the credibility of the witnesses.^[23]

In the present case, appellant has not shown why the RTC erred in giving more credence and weight to the testimony of complainant.  Verily, the trial court had the opportunity to see the witnesses on the stand and to determine by their conduct and demeanor whether they were testifying truthfully or simply lying.^[24]

The RTC correctly awarded moral damages to the rape victim, who is presumed to have suffered moral damages entitling her to such award.^[25] However, the grant should be reduced to P25,000.  Also,  the trial court erred in not awarding the victim indemnity ex delicto.  It has been the practice of the Court to award outrightly the amount of P50,000 as civil indemnity to victims of rape.^[26]

WHEREFORE, the appeal is DENIED and the assailed Decision AFFIRMED, with the MODIFICATION that an award of P50,000 as indemnity ex delicto be granted to the victim in addition to moral damages which is hereby fixed at P25,000.  Costs against appellant.

SO ORDERED.

Melo, (Chairman), Vitug, Sandoval-Gutierrez, and Carpio, JJ., concur.

---

^[1] Written by Judge Ernesto B. Amisola.

^[2] RTC Decision, p. 15; rollo, p. 41; records, p. 121.

^[3] Rollo, p. 10.

^[4] Rollo, p. 27.

^[5] Order dated July 7, 1998; records, p. 18.

^[6] Signed by Assistant Solicitor General Carlos N. Ortega, Assistant Solicitor General Antonio L. Villamor and Solicitor Enrique Z. Trespeces.

^[7] Appellee's Brief, pp. 4-5; rollo, pp. 106-107.  Citations omitted.

^[8] Signed by Atty. Eustaquio S. Beltran.

^[9] Appellant's Brief, p. 2; rollo, p. 53.

^[10] Ibid., pp. 3 & 54.

^[11] The case was deemed submitted for decision on March 5, 2001, upon receipt by this Court of appellant's one-page Reply Brief signed by Atty. Eustaquio S. Beltran.

^[12] Appellant's Brief, p. 3; rollo, p. 54.  Original in upper case.

^[13] TSN, October 5, 1998, pp. 7-9.

^[14] Rollo, p. 33.

^[15] TSN, January 7, 1999, p. 4.

^[16] People v. Dado, 244 SCRA 655, June 1, 1995.

^[17] People v. Gabris, 258 SCRA 663, July 11, 1996.

^[18] People v. Lao, 249 SCRA 75, October 6, 1995.

^[19] People v. Acabo; 259 SCRA 75, July 17, 1996; People v. Perez, 270 SCRA 526, March 26, 1997; People v. Travero, 276 SCRA 301, July 28, 1997; People v. Erese, 281 SCRA 316, November 5, 1997; People v. Pontilar Jr., 275 SCRA 338, July 11, 1997.

^[20] People v. Biago, 182 SCRA 411, February 21, 1990.

^[21] People v. Gonzales Jr., GR Nos. 143143-44, January 15, 2002.

^[22] People v. Pontilar Jr., supra.

^[23] People v. Acabo, supra; People v. Bawar, 262 SCRA 325, September 23, 1996.

^[24] People v. Lao, supra.

^[25] People v. Gonzales Jr., supra.

^[26] People v. Narido, 316 SCRA 131, October 1, 1999.