The Antecedent Facts

Petitioners Cathay Land, Inc. and Cathay Metal Corporation (Cathay Group) own and develop a mixed-use and multi-phase subdivision development project known as the South Forbes Golf City which covers an area of around 213 hectares of contiguous land in Silang, Cavite.^[3]

On February 5, 2003, the Cathay Group filed a Complaint^[4] for easement of right of way with prayer for the issuance of a preliminary injunction/temporary restraining order against respondents Ayala Land, Inc., Avida Land Corporation, and Laguna Technopark, Inc., (Ayala Group) before the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 18, Tagaytay City. The Complaint alleged that the Ayala Group unjustifiably denied passage to Cathay Group's personnel, vehicles and heavy equipment through its properties by putting up checkpoints and constructing gates which caused the development of the latter's South Forbes Golf City project to be interrupted and delayed.^[5]

However, before trial could ensue, the parties executed a Compromise Agreement^[6] dated July 4, 2003 where they "mutually agreed to amicably settle all their claims as well as other claims and causes of action that they may have against each other in relation to the [Complaint]."^[7] Specifically, the Ayala Group granted a pedestrian, vehicular and utility easement of right of way in favor of the Cathay Group in consideration of and subject to the latter's faithful compliance of its undertakings in the Compromise Agreement.^[8] This includes undertakings relating to the development of the Cathay Group's properties in the area:

2.3

Undertakings of the Cathay Group Relating to the Development of the Cathay Properties. The Cathay Group will develop the Cathay properties into such developments which are consistent with the residential character of the adjacent developments of Ayala Land and Laguna Properties in the Sta. Rosa, Laguna and Silang, Cavite areas. More particularly, but without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Cathay Group undertakes that it will not develop and will not allow the development of one or more of the following types of projects: (i) cemetery, memorial park, mortuary or similar development or related structures; (ii) industrial park or estate, whether for heavy, medium or light industries; (iii) high-rise buildings; (iv) low-cost or socialized housing subdivisions within the purview of Batas Pambansa Blg. 220; and (v) warehouse or warehouse facilities.[9]

It was also expressly stated in the Compromise Agreement that in the event of breach on the part of the Cathay Group of any of its undertakings, the Ayala Group has the right to withdraw or suspend the grant of easement of right of way from the Cathay Group, to wit:

4.

Undertakings Essential. x x x Accordingly and subject to Section 6 hereof, the Ayala Group has the right to withdraw or suspend the grant of easement of right-of-way subject to this agreement if the Cathay Group or any of the Grantees shall breach any of the provisions of this Agreement and the Cathay Group or the Grantees shall have failed to rectify such breach within a period of thirty (30) days from receipt of a notice from the Ayala Group (or any of its assigns).[10]

In fine, in case of breach on the part of Cathay Group, the remedies available to the Ayala Group are as follows: first, the Ayala Group shall notify the Cathay Group of such breach; and second, the Ayala Group can either suspend or withdraw the grant of easement of right of way in case the Cathay Group fails to rectify such breach within 30 days from receipt of notice. Such right may then be enforced through a writ of execution pursuant to Section 6 of the Compromise Agreement which states:

6.	Writ of Execution. Non-compliance by any party with the terms of this Compromise Agreement shall entitle the aggrieved party to a writ of execution from the [court] to enforce the terms of this Agreement.[11]

The RTC approved the Compromise Agreement in its Judgment^[12] dated July 30, 2003, and ordered the parties to strictly comply with the terms and conditions provided therein.^[13]

In 2005, the Cathay Group commenced the development of its South Forbes Golf City project. Subsequently, however, the Ayala Group noted that Cathay Group's marketing materials for the project showed plans to develop a thirty-hectare cyber park which will house, among others, call center offices, and to construct high-rise buildings.^[14] The Ayala Group thus made verbal and written demands to Cathay Group to abide by the terms and conditions of the Compromise Agreement particularly on its undertaking not to construct high-rise buildings, but to no avail. It also later found out that the Cathay Group had applied for a variance^[15] from a local zoning ordinance^[16] of Silang, Cavite which then imposed a three-storey height limit on buildings to be constructed in the area.^[17]

Thus, on July 29, 2008, the Ayala Group filed a Motion for Execution^[18] with Application for Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) and Writ of Injunction before the RTC.

Attaching copies of Cathay Group's development plan, building plan, brochures and newspaper advertisements to its motion for execution, the Ayala Group alleged that the Cathay Group disregarded its undertaking not to construct high-rise buildings, or structures which are at least 15 meters high or beyond the building height limit of three storeys, as provided under the Compromise Agreement.^[19] It further claimed that the Cathay Group's development plan of its South Forbes Golf City project involved the construction of 97 high-rise residential and commercial buildings having as many as 12 floors.^[20] Consequently, the Ayala Group argued that it had a clear legal right to enforce the terms of the Compromise Agreement and compel the Cathay Group to abide by them.^[21] The Ayala Group thus prayed for the issuance of a TRO to enjoin the Cathay Group "from proceeding with the development of their South Forbes Golf City project;" and a writ of execution to permanently enjoin Cathay Group "from constructing buildings fifteen (15) meters and higher, and other developments deviating from the residential character"^[22] of the Ayala Group's projects.

The Cathay Group opposed the motion and insisted that it had not violated the terms of the July 30, 2003 Judgment and there is simply no justification for the Ayala Group's motion seeking the execution of any part thereof.^[23] It contended that the Compromise Agreement does not contain a provision limiting building height at three storeys and the proscription therein only pertains to the construction of high-rise buildings without any specific qualifications.^[24]

The Regional Trial Court Ruling

In its Order^[25] dated September 15, 2008, the RTC denied the Motion for Execution filed by the Ayala Group for lack of merit.

The trial court rejected the Ayala Group's contention that the term "high­ rise building" as stated in the Compromise Agreement should follow the definition in the Fire Code of the Philippines (Fire Code), which defines the same as "at least 15 meters high." It explained that "the Fire Code x x x is intended not to define the structural configurations of a building but to advance its clear mandate of preventing fires and avoiding its damaging effects."^[26] It also pointed out that the Compromise Agreement itself never mentioned the Fire Code as its governing law.^[27]

In addition, the trial court ruled that the basic definition of the term "high-rise building" in the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code (NBC), i.e., buildings with 16 storeys or taller in height, or 48 meters above established grade, should be given weight, especially since the NBC is the governing law on the construction of buildings.^[28]

Following the denial, the Ayala Group filed a Motion for Reconsideration^[29] before the RTC.

In its April 1, 2009 Order,^[30] the RTC, through Acting Presiding Judge Emma S. Young (Judge Young), granted the motion and set aside the September 15, 2008 Order on the ground that the Compromise Agreement is immediately final and executory.

The RTC thus ordered that a writ of execution be issued to enforce the terms and conditions of the Compromise Agreement. It likewise directed the issuance of a writ of injunction against the Cathay Group enjoining the construction of high-rise structures on the land for being contrary to laws and ordinances of Silang, Cavite then applicable at the time of the execution of the Compromise Agreement.^[31]

On April 27, 2009, the Cathay Group filed a Petition for Certiorari^[32] under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court before the CA, challenging the April 1, 2009 Order.

While the case was pending before the CA, the RTC issued a Writ of Execution^[33] and a Writ of Injunction,^[34] both dated December 2, 2009, prohibiting the Cathay Group from constructing buildings with a height of 15 meters or higher, and other developments which would deviate from the residential character of the adjacent properties of the Ayala Group in the area.^[35]

The Court of Appeals Ruling

The CA dismissed the Petition for Certiorari in its Decision dated June 28, 2013, as it found no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the RTC in ordering the execution of the Compromise Agreement.^[36]

The CA found no merit in the Cathay Group's claim that Judge Young failed to provide any factual or legal basis in reversing the September 15, 2008 Order which denied the Ayala Group's Motion for Execution. It held that although Judge Young's questioned one-page Order is extremely concise, the basis for the ruling, i.e., that the act of the Cathay Group in constructing high-rise buildings on the property was contrary to the laws and ordinance of Silang, Cavite, was clearly indicated therein.^[37]

Moreover, the CA noted that the definition of a "high-rise building" in the IRR of the NBC could not be applied in this case, since the IRR was promulgated only in 2005, or after the parties had already entered into the Compromise Agreement. Hence, the CA ruled that the parties could not have contemplated and considered the definition as part of their agreement.^[38]

The CA likewise pointed out that the limitation on the height of the buildings or structures to be erected by the Cathay Group is clearly defined in its undertaking to ensure that its development plan is "consistent with the residential character of the adjacent developments of [the Ayala Group] in the Sta. Rosa, Laguna and Silang, Cavite area[s]."^[39]

Consequently, the CA ruled that the proper interpretation of the term "high-rise building" should be in accordance with the laws and ordinance enforced when the parties executed the Compromise Agreement, which, at the time, limited the permissible building height to only three storeys.^[40]

The Cathay Group moved for reconsideration but the CA denied the motion in its Resolution dated November 26, 2013. As a consequence, the Cathay Group filed the present Petition for Review on Certiorari assailing the CA's June 28, 2013 Decision and the November 26, 2013 Resolution.

Issues

In the present Petition, the Cathay Group raises the following arguments for the Court's resolution: first, the one-page April 1, 2009 Order should be nullified as it does not state the facts and the law on which it is based, in violation of the requirements under Section 14, Article VIII of the Constitution;^[41] second, the CA seriously erred when it affirmed the questioned RTC Order, since it was never shown that the Cathay Group had violated any of the laws and ordinances of Silang, Cavite;^[42] third, the term "high-rise building" as used in the Compromise Agreement should not be interpreted to imply a "height limit of three storeys," as such definition in the Fire Code was not contemplated by the parties when they entered into the Compromise Agreement;^[43] and fourth, the Writ of Execution dated December 2, 2009 is void because it gives the Sheriff unbridled authority to halt any of the Cathay Group's construction projects which, in his personal view, constitutes a "high-rise" structure.^[44]

The Court's Ruling

The Petition is impressed with merit.

The Civil Code provides that "[a] compromise is a contract whereby the parties, by making reciprocal concessions, avoid a litigation or put an end to one already commenced."^[45] It has the effect and authority of res judicata upon the parties, but there shall be no execution except in compliance with a judicial compromise.^[46]

It is settled that once a compromise agreement is approved by a final order of the court, it transcends its identity as a mere contract binding only upon the parties thereto, as it becomes a judgment that is subject to execution in accordance with the Rules of Court. Judges, therefore, have the ministerial and mandatory duty to implement and enforce it.^[47]

Since the issuance of a writ of execution implementing a judicial compromise is ministerial in nature, it cannot be viewed as a judgment on the merits as contemplated by Section 14, Article VIII of the Constitution.^[48] To be clear, it is the decision based on a compromise agreement that is considered as a judgment on the merits, not the order pertaining to its execution.

Nevertheless, in implementing a compromise agreement, the "courts cannot modify, impose terms different from the terms of [the] agreement, or set aside the compromises and reciprocal concessions made in good faith by the parties without gravely abusing their discretion."^[49]

In this case, the RTC, through Judge Young, granted the Ayala Group's Motion for Execution of the Compromise Agreement on account of the Cathay Group's construction of "high-rise structures" on its properties. In its assailed Order dated April 1, 2009, the RTC ruled as follows:

x x x Let the corresponding writ of execution be issued to enforce the [Judgment] of this court dated July 30, 2003 by then Judge Alfonso S. Garcia enforcing the terms and conditions of the Compromise Agreement dated [July 4, 2003]. And let [the] corresponding writ of injunction issue against the plaintiff in this case for construction of [high-rise] structures on [the] land subject matter of the said agreement [for] being contrary to [the] laws and ordinance of Silang, [Cavite] then applicable at the time of the execution of said compromise agreement.^[50]

It will be recalled that under the Compromise Agreement, the remedies available to the Ayala Group should the Cathay Group fail to abide by the terms of the agreement are, first: to notify the Cathay Group of such breach; and second, either to withdraw or suspend the grant of easement of right-of-way to the Cathay Group,^[51] if the latter does not undertake to rectify the said breach within 30 days from notice. It is this specific right that is enforceable through a writ of execution, as expressly provided in Sections 4 and 6 of the Compromise Agreement. In short, the Ayala Group has no right, under the Compromise Agreement, to seek injunctive relief from the courts in case the Cathay Group commits an act contrary to its undertakings in the agreement. To emphasize, under the Compromise Agreement, the Ayala Group has no right to seek to enjoin the Cathay Group from proceeding with the development of its South Forbes Golf City project or from constructing high-rise buildings as it did in its Motion for Execution. To be sure, the Ayala Group's right under the Compromise Agreement that is enforceable through a writ of execution is only the suspension or withdrawal of the grant of easement of right of way.

Thus, the RTC, through Judge Young, seriously erred when it issued a Writ of Execution and Writ of Injunction prohibiting the Cathay Group from constructing buildings with a height of 15 meters or higher and other developments not in accord with the residential character of the properties of the Ayala Group in the area. The RTC gravely abused its discretion when it granted a remedy that is not available to the Ayala Group, thereby imposing terms different from what was agreed upon by the parties in their Compromise Agreement. Given these circumstances, the CA seriously erred in dismissing the Petition for Certiorari filed by the Cathay Group.

In addition, there is likewise no sufficient proof that the Cathay Group had violated the terms of the Compromise Agreement, so as to warrant the RTC's issuance of a writ of execution and a writ of injunction in favor of the Ayala Group.

The records show that the Ayala Group based its Motion for Execution on mere development and structural plans, and marketing materials^[52] for the Cathay Group's South Forbes Golf City project which allegedly involved "the construction of ninety-seven (97) high-rise residential and commercial buildings having as much as twelve (12) floors."^[53] It had simply anticipated that the Cathay Group would violate its undertaking not to construct high-rise buildings in the area.

In other words, the Ayala Group prematurely moved for execution of the Compromise Agreement in order to prevent the Cathay Group from actually committing a breach of the terms of the agreement. It must be pointed out that under the Compromise Agreement, the Ayala Group must notify first the Cathay Group of any perceived breach in its undertakings; thereafter, the Cathay Group has 30 days within which to rectify such breach. It is only when the Cathay Group fails to correct the breach within 30 days from notice that the Ayala Group may move for the execution of the Compromise Agreement. Clearly, therefore, the Ayala Group violated the terms of the agreement which afforded the Cathay Group a period of 30 days from notice to rectify a breach, should it indeed occur.^[54]

Moreover, we note that there is no clear definition in the Compromise Agreement as to what constitutes a "high-rise building." A review of the records shows that the parties never agreed on the definition of the term "high-rise buildings" when they entered into the Compromise Agreement on July 4, 2003. In fact, they continued to discuss the matter through an exchange of letters^[55] from August 2005 up until April 2008, right before the Ayala Group filed its Motion for Execution of the Compromise Agreement before the RTC on July 29, 2008.

In their correspondence, the Ayala Group insisted on the definition of a "high-rise building," i.e., one which is at least 15 meters high, in the IRR of the Fire Code,^[56] while the Cathay Group sought the adoption of prevailing industry standards and practices in determining what a "high-rise building'' is.^[57] The Cathay Group later on cited the definition of the term as found in the IRR of the NBC and insisted that "as long as [it] does not construct any building beyond the twelve (12) storey building height limit, or thirty-six (36) meters above the highest grade level, there would be no violation of the Compromise Agreement x x x."^[58] The matter, however, was never resolved.

Note that in the interpretation of documents, the Rules of Court provides for a presumption that the terms of a contract were used in their primary and general acceptation:

Sec. 14. Peculiar signification of terms. - The terms of a writing are presumed to have been used in their primary and general acceptation, but evidence is admissible to show that they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar signification, and were so used and understood in the particular instance, in which case the agreement must be construed accordingly.^[59]

Thus, when the terms of the agreement are so clear and explicit that they do not justify an attempt to read into it any alleged intention of the parties, the terms are to be understood literally just as they appear on the face of the contract.^[60]

In this case, the records are bereft of proof to show that the parties had agreed to adopt the definition of the term "high-rise building" found in the IRR of the Fire Code. The Compromise Agreement, too, does not contain any provision that points to a reference to the Fire Code as to the usage of the term.

Besides, the IRR of the Fire Code itself limits its scope to matters dealing with "life safety from fires and similar emergencies in high-rise buildings," covering ''fire safety features in construction and protection of exits and passageways and provisions for fire protection."^[61] Consequently, the definition of the term "high-rise building" found therein is inapplicable to this case, precisely because it is not in keeping with the nature and object of the Compromise Agreement.^[62]

We simply cannot reasonably conclude, in the absence of clear language to this effect, that the parties intended to use as reference a law that pertains to fire protection in order to define a term in a contract relating to the construction of buildings. Rather, the term "high-rise buildings" should be interpreted to follow its general and primacy acceptation, or in other words, the prevailing industry standards and practices as adopted by the Department of Public Works and Highways in the IRR of the NBC, at the time the Compromise Agreement was executed.

We also cannot agree with the CA's ruling which equated the three-storey building height limit in Silang, Cavite with the definition of the term "high-rise buildings" in the Compromise Agreement. For one thing, the Municipal Zoning Ordinance imposing such building height limit does not provide that buildings over three-storeys high are to be considered as "high-rise buildings." Specifically, Section 12-B-1 of the Ordinance states:

B. General Zoning Regulations:

For areas that are not classified as Residential Subdivisions, the FAR shall be two (2); the PLO shall be 50% and the [Building Height Limit] shall be not more than three (3) storeys.

x x x [F]urther, residential structures within subdivisions shall be required to have a PLO of 50% and a [Building Height Limit] of not more than three (3) storeys.^[63]

While it is true that the Ordinance imposed a building height limit of three-storeys, it is a grave error to read such regulation as a definition of what constitutes as a "high-rise building" for construction purposes in the area. Consequently, the CA erred when it declared that said building height limitation "is consistent with the laws and ordinance enforced at that time and, thus, should be the one deemed contemplated upon by the parties in their agreement."^[64]

For another, the Compromise Agreement itself contains no express prohibition pertaining to the Cathay Group's construction of buildings which are over three storeys high in the area. It is also important to point out that the Cathay Group had already applied for and was granted a variance^[65] which exempted it from the coverage of the subject Municipal Zoning Ordinance. It was then issued all the necessary development permits for its South Forbes Golf City project, including a Building Permit^[66] from the Office of the Municipal Engineer of Silang, Cavite.

In these lights, it is clear that the CA committed an error when it found that the Cathay Group had violated the terms of the Compromise Agreement.

WHEREFORE, we GRANT the Petition for Review on Certiorari. The Decision dated June 28, 2013 and the Resolution dated November 26, 2013 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 108480, as well as the Order dated April 1, 2009 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 18, Tagaytay City in Civil Case No. TG-2335, are hereby SET ASIDE and REVERSED.

SO ORDERED.

Leonardo-De Castro, Bersamin,^[*] and Perlas-Bernabe, JJ., concur.
Caguioa, J., see separate opinion.

^[**] Formerly known as Laguna Properties Holdings, Inc.

^[1] Rollo, pp. 40-49; penned by Associate Justice Angelita A. Gacutan and concurred in by Associate Justices Fernanda Lampas Peralta and Francisco P. Acosta.

^[2] Id. at 51-52.

^[3] Records, Vol. 1, p. 2.

^[4] Id. at 1-14.

^[5] Id. at 11-12.

^[6] Rollo, pp. 53-67.

^[7] Id. at 55.

^[8] Id.

^[9] Id. at 64. Emphasis supplied.

^[10] Id. Emphasis supplied.

^[11] Id. at 65.

^[12] Id. at 81-95; penned by Presiding Judge Alfonso S. Garcia.

^[13] Id. at 95.

^[14] Id. at 298.

^[15] CA rollo, pp. 132-181.

^[16] Id. at 135.

^[17] Rollo, p. 299.

^[19] Id. at 98-99.

^[20] Id. at 99.

^[21] Id. at 101.

^[22] Id. at 106-107.

^[23] CA rollo, p. 399.

^[24] Id. at 402.

^[25] Rollo, pp. 108-114; penned by Presiding Judge Edwin G. Larida, Jr.

^[26] Id. at 111.

^[27] Id.

^[28] Id. at 112.

^[29] CA rollo, pp. 468-481.

^[30] Rollo, p. 115.

^[31] Id.

^[32] Id. at 116-139.

^[33] Records, Vol. 3, pp. 866-867.

^[34] Id. at 865.

^[35] Id. at 867.

^[36] Rollo, p. 44.

^[37] Id. at 45.

^[38] Id. at 47.

^[39] Id.

^[40] Id. at 46-47.

^[41] Id. at 20-21.

^[42] Id. at 28-29.

^[43] Id. at 33-35.

^[44] Id. at 32.

^[45] CIVIL CODE, Article 2028.

^[46] CIVIL CODE, Article 2037.

^[47] See Spouses Cachopero v. Celestial, 685 Phil. 5, 17-18 (2012), citing Philippine National Oil Company­ Energy Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC) v. Abella, 489 Phil. 515, 535 (2005).

^[48] See GC Dalton Industries, Inc. v. Equitable PCI Bank, 613 Phil. 329, 335 (2009).

^[49] See Gadrinab v. Salamanca, 736 Phil. 279, 295 (2014).

^[50] Rollo, p. 115. Emphasis supplied.

^[51] Id. at 64.

^[52] Id. at 100.

^[53] Id. at 99.

^[54] Id. at 64.

^[55] Records, Vol. 3, pp. 765-775.

^[56] Id. at 765.

^[57] Id. at 772.

^[58] Id. at 774.

^[59] RULES OF COURT, Rule 130, Section 14. Emphasis supplied.

^[60] Tolentino, Arturo M., Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, Volume IV, 1991, p. 559.

^[61] Rules and Regulations Implementing the Fire Code of the Philippines (P.D. No. 1185), Section 40.101.

^[62] See CIVIL CODE, Article 1375.

^[63] CA Rollo, p. 135. Emphasis supplied.

^[64] Rollo, p. 47.

^[65] CA rollo, pp. 132-181.

^[66] Records, Vol. 2, p. 604.

CAGUIOA, J.:

The ponencia grants the petition and reverses the Decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 18, Tagaytay City (RTC) which had ordered the issuance of a writ of execution to enforce the terms and conditions of the Compromise Agreement between petitioners (Cathay Group) and respondents (Ayala Group) and a writ of injunction prohibiting the Cathay Group from constructing buildings with a height of 15 meters or more, and the Court of Appeals (CA) Decision which found no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the RTC.

The ponencia posits that the Ayala Group prematurely moved for execution of the Compromise Agreement based on "mere development and structural plans, and marketing materials x x x for 'the construction of x x x 97 x x x high-rise residential and commercial buildings having as much as x x x 12 x x x floors."'^[1] Under the Compromise Agreement, the Ayala Group must first notify the Cathay Group of the breach and the latter has 30 days to rectify the breach. It is only after the failure of the Cathay Group to rectify the breach within 30 days from notice that execution can be availed of.

The ponencia also concludes that a "review of the records shows that the parties never agreed on the definition of the term 'high-rise buildings' when they entered into the Compromise Agreement on July 4, 2003."^[2] The parties continued to discuss the matter through exchange of letters from August 2005 up until April 2008, right before the filing of the motion for execution. The matter was not resolved.

To my mind, the granting of the petition and the finding that the parties have not agreed on the definition of "high-rise buildings" have the effect, firstly, of overturning the ruling of the RTC, and upheld by the CA, that the said term is to be construed in accordance with the laws and ordinances then applicable at the time of the execution of the Compromise Agreement. Per the narration of proceedings in the ponencia, "the CA ruled that the proper interpretation of the term 'high-rise building' should be in accordance with the laws and ordinance enforced when the parties executed the Compromise Agreement, which, at the time, limited the permissible building height to only three storeys."^[3] Secondly, such finding — "[t]he parties did not agree on what constitutes a 'high-rise building"'^[4] — means that since there was no meeting of the parties' minds on the definition of the said term or "that it cannot be known what may have been the intention or will of the parties [upon a principal object of]"^[5] the Compromise Agreement, then the contract should be deemed as null and void. However, the ponencia does not rule that the Compromise Agreement is void, but holds only that "[t]he matter x x x was never resolved."^[6]

I believe otherwise. The matter was, in fact, resolved —by the RTC and the CA. It now behooves the Court to rule on the correctness of their interpretation of the term "high-rise buildings." What did the parties intend by that term? Surely, the parties could not have intended a meaning that would be contrary to or violate the laws and ordinances that were in effect when they executed the Compromise Agreement. Both parties are into property development and are expected to know the laws and ordinances applicable to their business. The ordinance of Silang, Cavite at the time the Compromise Agreement was executed "limited the permissible building height to only three storeys."^[7] I believe that the parties could not have contemplated a meaning of "high-rise building" contrary to the said ordinance.

With the meaning of the term in dispute resolved, the Court can then proceed to determine whether the Cathay Group committed a breach of the Compromise Agreement.

The ponencia finds that "there is likewise no sufficient proof that the Cathay Group had violated the terms of the Compromise Agreement"^[8] because the Ayala Group based the purported breach of the Cathay Group "on mere development and structural plans, and marketing materials for the Cathay Group's South Forbes Golf City project."^[9] Thus, the Ayala Group "prematurely moved for execution of the Compromise Agreement."^[10] This finding is inconsistent with the pronouncements that "the Cathay Group had already applied for and was granted a variance which exempted it from the coverage of the subject Municipal Zoning Ordinance"^[11] and "[i]t was then issued all the necessary development permits for its South Forbes Golf City project, including a Building Permit from the Office of the Municipal Engineer of Silang, Cavite.''^[12] The Ayala Group had even called the attention of the Cathay Group on the latter's plan to construct high-rise buildings, but to no avail.

Given the foregoing, I believe that a pronouncement of breach on the part of the Cathay Group is justified. There is breach of the obligation when a party in any manner contravenes its tenor;^[13] and this kind of non-performance refers to any illicit act which impairs the strict and faithful fulfillment of the obligation, or every kind of defective performance.^[14] A strict and faithful fulfillment of the Compromise Agreement by the Cathay Group could no longer be expected because of its aforesaid acts showing a clear intention to build "high-rise buildings" beyond the contemplation of the Compromise Agreement.

If the said acts do not amount to actual breach, then they should at the very least constitute anticipatory breach. An anticipatory breach may occur, for example, when there is a definite or unconditional repudiation of the contract by a party thereto communicated to the other even though it takes place before the time prescribed for the promised performance and before conditions specified in the promise have even occurred.^[15] For the Ayala Group to wait until the Cathay Group had built beyond the height of "high-rise buildings" contemplated in the Compromise Agreement before it filed suit would be ludicrous. Given the Cathay Group's anticipatory breach — evident from the development and structural plans, and marketing materials for the Cathay Group's South Forbes Golf Project; the issuance of all the necessary development permits for the Project, including a Building Permit from the Office of the Municipal Engineer of Silang, Cavite; the granting of a variance for the Project which exempted it from the coverage of the subject Municipal Zoning Ordinance; the Cathy Group's insistence of its definition of "high-rise buildings" when the Ayala Group called its attention on the alleged breach of the Compromise Agreement^[16] — the Ayala Group was well within its rights to already act thereon based on the Compromise Agreement, that is, either to withdraw or suspend the grant of the easement of right of way. In fact, the Civil Code obligates every party to a contract with the duty to minimize its damages.^[17] Hence, when it became clear that Cathay was intent on building edifices beyond what the Ayala Group believed the Compromise Agreement prohibited, then it was the Ayala Group's duty to file suit.

I agree that the Compromise Agreement does not sanction the issuance of a restraining order or a writ of injunction against the Cathay Group's plan to construct high-rise buildings not contemplated in the Compromise Agreement. What the Compromise Agreement sanctions is that in case of breach by the Cathay Group and its failure to rectify the same within 30 days from receipt of notice, the Ayala Group's recourse is only to withdraw or suspend the grant of the easement of right of way.

Accordingly, I concur that the petition should be granted and the assailed CA Decision and Resolution as well as the assailed Order of the RTC should be set aside and reversed. However, there should be, at the same time, a declaration that the Cathay Group had violated the Compromise Agreement and that the Ayala Group could act conformably therewith.

^[2] Id.

^[3] Id. at 6.

^[4] Id. at 9.

^[5] CIVIL CODE, Art. 1378.

^[6] Decision, p. 10.

^[7] Id. at 6.

^[8] Id. at 9.

^[9] Id.

^[10] Id.

^[11] Id. at 11-12.

^[12] Id. at 12.

^[13] CIVIL CODE, Art. 1170.

^[14] Eduardo P. Caguioa, Comments and Cases on Civil Law Civil Code of the Philippines, Vol. IV (1968 First Ed.), p. 67.

^[15] Eduardo P. Caguioa, id. at 66.

^[16] See Jison and Javellana v. Hernaez, No. 47632, December 31, 1942, O.G., Vol. 2, No. 5, p. 492.

^[17] CIVIL CODE, Art. 2203. The party suffering loss or injury must exercise the diligence of a good father of a family to minimize the damages resulting from the act or omission in question.