This resolves three consolidated petitions, all filed with the Court by Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) and its key officials, Chairman of the Board Margarita P. Juico, Members of the Board Ma. Aleta L. Tolentino, Mabel V. Mamba, Francisco G. Joaquin III and Betty B. Nantes, and General Manager Jose Ferdinand M. Rojas II (petitioners), and which arose from an action for specific performance docketed as Civil Case No. 11-310 and filed against said petitioners by TMA Group of Companies Pty Ltd. (now known as TMA Australia Pty. Ltd.) (TMA Australia) and TMA Group Philippines, Inc. (TMA Philippines) (collectively referred to as TMA) with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Makati City. Specifically, the consolidated petitions are:

(1)	G.R. No. 212143, a Petition for Review on Certiorari with Urgent Motion for Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order and Writ of Preliminary Injunction[1] against TMA, which asks the Court to reverse and set aside the Court of Appeals' (CA) Decision[2] dated March 27, 2014 in CA-G.R. SP No. 132655;
(2)	G.R. No. 225457, a Petition for Review on Certiorari[3] against TMA that seeks the reversal of the CA's Decision[4] dated February 4, 2016 and Resolution[5] dated June 27, 2016 in CA-G.R. SP No. 137528; and
(3)	G.R. No. 236888, a Petition for Certiorari[6] against TMA and Judge Joselito C. Villarosa (Judge Villarosa), in his capacity as Presiding Judge of RTC of Makati City, Branch 66, and which seeks to annul and set aside the Judge Villarosa's Order[7] dated January 18, 2018 in Civil Case No. 11-310.

The Antecedents

On April 8, 2011, TMA filed with the RTC of Makati City the Complaint for Specific Performance and Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction, with Prayer for Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction^[8] docketed as Civil Case No. 11-310, relative to a Contractual Joint Venture Agreement^[9] (CJVA) dated December 4, 2009 that was executed by and between TMA Australia and PCSO. Under the CJVA, PCSO,^[10] the government entity created under Republic Act No. 1169 to hold charity sweepstakes and lotteries, and TMA Australia,^[11] a company based in Australia and which specializes in the production of consumables and accountable documents using thermal-coated substrates, agreed to enter into a joint venture (JV) for the establishment of the first thermal coating plant in the Philippines. The CJVA specifically indicates the following as the JV's purpose and term:

4. ORGANIZATION OF THE JOINT VENTURE

x x x x

4.2 The purpose of the JV is to establish and operate the first thermal coating plant in the Philippines, and to generally engage in the production and marketing of thermal-coated paper, synthetic substrates and other related products, for the primary purpose of export sales with the balance of production capacity to be used for sales in the local market for the creation of profit for both Parties.

4.3 The JV shall have a term of fifty (50) years. However, on the 25th year and every five (5) years, thereafter, both PCSO and TMA shall enter into best efforts negotiations with the end in view of affording more benefits and concessions to PCSO for the remaining life of the 50-year joint venture; provided that, if no agreement is reached between the parties, the original terms of the Joint Venture Agreement shall continue to be enforced.^[12]

As to the parties' respective contributions, TMA committed to invest approximately P4.4 billion over the life of the JV, while PCSO committed all its thermal paper and other specialized paper products and consumables requirements for all current, future and other gaming activities for the next fifty (50) years, subject to the negotiation provisions under the afore-quoted paragraph 4.3 of the CJVA.^[13] As to the sharing of profits, 80% of the JV's profits after all applicable taxes in the Philippines would go to TMA, while the remaining 20% would go to PCSO.

The implementation of the CJVA ensued. Pursuant to a requirement under the CJVA, TMA Australia organized and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission TMA Philippines as its local subsidiary for the purpose of implementing the project. By August 20, 2010, however, the PCSO Board of Directors issued Resolution No. A-00024, series of 2010,^[14] which suspended the implementation of the CJVA as it purportedly sought a review of the agreement by the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC). The Board Resolution reads:

Be it RESOLVED, that the PCSO Board of Directors, suspends the implementation and withdraws all nominations and representation of PCSO in the PCSO-TMA Joint Venture Agreement pending review of the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel;

RESOLVED FURTHER, to revoke any authority granted to any person to represent PCSO in relation to the said PCSO-TMA JV Agreement.^[15]

The request for the OGCC's review of the CJVA was made by then PCSO General Manager Jose Ferdinand M. Rojas II. For the PCSO, the OGCC's prior opinion that the CJVA complied with the 2008 Guidelines and Procedures for Entering Into Joint Venture Agreement Between Government and Private Entities (JV Guidelines) might have overlooked that certain provisions of the agreement indicated that it was simply a supply contract masked as a JV agreement.^[16]

Acting on the review request, the OGCC finally issued, on April 4, 2011, Opinion No. 079, series of 2011.^[17] The ensuing Opinion of the OGCC provided that the subject CJVA was null and void, mainly because the purpose for which the JV was constituted went beyond the primary corporate purpose, mandate or charter of PCSO. Pertinent provisions of the OGCC Opinion read:

A judicious examination of the aforementioned observations and analysis that delve into the substance of the CJVA shows that its subject matter, object or purpose, which is the establishment of a Thermal Coating Plant primarily for export sales of thermal papers and the range of substrates it may produce, is not within PCSO's primary corporate purpose and mandate. PCSO's mandate is, among others, to hold charity sweepstakes and lotteries.^[18] (Emphasis and underscore in the original)

The PCSO's contribution to the JV that pertained to the purchase of thermal paper for the next fifty (50) years likewise breached the provision in the JV Guidelines that requires government contribution in JVs to be through assets (including money, equipment, land, intellectual property or anything of value).^[19] "Hardly can a mere promise be categorized as anything of value."^[20]

Further, the OGCC opined that the CJVA appeared to be relatively simulated because while it was apparently a JV arrangement for the establishment of a thermal coating plant, the agreement appeared to be, in fact, a Supply Contract. No actual capital contribution was even expected from PCSO under the terms of the CJVA.^[21] The OGCC pointed out that the ploy wrongfully did away with the requirement of a public bidding, as it declared:

In this case, the juridical act which binds PCSO and TMA is the Supply Contract although this was concealed and made to appear as a Public Private Partnership through a Joint [VJenture Agreement to exempt them from the rigors of public bidding pursuant to R.A. 9184, the law that primarily governs the mode of procurement of government supplies, goods and services. Moreover, the CJVA can be a convenient tool to deprive the Commission on Audit (COA) of its audit jurisdiction involving public funds.^[22]

In conclusion, the OGCC explained that PCSO could invoke the nullity of the CJVA should TMA decide to bring an action for specific performance against it. It likewise mentioned the possibility of an extrajudicial settlement on a mutual termination of the agreement, as it reiterated that litigation is discouraged by reason of public policy.^[23]

In the meantime, prompted by PCSO's suspension of the implementation of the subject CJVA, TMA had sent a letter dated March 21, 2011 to the PCSO Board of Directors and General Manager, urging them to lift the suspension of the CJVA. By April 8, 2011, TMA instituted with the RTC of Makati City the action for specific performance docketed as Civil Case No. 11-310, via a complaint that contained the following prayer:^[24]

WHEREFORE, plaintiffs respectfully pray that the Honorable Court immediately issue:

(a) A Writ of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction requiring defendants to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the CJVA and resume such implementation without delay; and

(b) A Temporary Restraining Order and/or Writ of Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction ordering defendants to cease and desist from performing any act that will lead to or constitute cancellation of the CJVA, including but not limited to the bidding out of its Lotto paper requirements.

Thereafter, after trial, judgment be rendered requiring defendants to fully and faithfully comply with the terms and provisions of the CJVA at all times during its effectivity.

Plaintiffs pray for such other reliefs as may be just and equitable in the premises.

The case was raffled off to the sala of Presiding Judge Winlove M. Dumayas (Judge Dumayas), RTC of Makati City, Branch 59. On April 13, 2011, Judge Dumayas granted TMA's application for a temporary restraining order (TRO) in the meantime that the application for the issuance of a writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction remained to be heard. The petitioners or any persons acting on their behalf were enjoined "to cease and desist from performing any act that will lead to or constitute cancellation of the CJVA, including but not limited to the bidding out of its Lotto paper requirements upon posting an injunctive bond in the amount of Ten Million [Php 10,000,000.00] to answer for such damages that [TMA] may suffer if it later turns out that [petitioners] are not entitled thereto."^[25] The TRO was valid for twenty days.

On May 13, 2011, the RTC issued an Order^[26] that granted TMA's applications for a Writ of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction and Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction, subject to the posting of a bond in the amount of P15,000,000.00. The Order's fallo reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, [TMA's] prayer for the issuance of Writs of Preliminary [M]andatory Injunction and Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction is hereby GRANTED. Accordingly, the Branch Clerk of Court, this Court, is hereby ordered to forthwith issue the following:

1) Writ of Preliminary Injunction directing defendants to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the Joint Venture Agreement and to resume such implementation, without delay; and,

2) Writ of Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction enjoining defendants to cease and desist from performing any act that will lead to or constitute cancellation of the Joint Venture Agreement and committing any other act that would nullify in effect the implementation of the Joint Venture Agreement, including but not limited to the conduct of any bidding for its lotto paper requirements; upon posting by [TMA] of an injunctive bond in the amount of PI5,000,000.00 subject to the approval of this Court, to answer to such damages that defendants may suffer if it later turns out that [TMA is] not entitled to the preliminary mandatory and prohibitory injunction.

SO ORDERED.^[27]

Feeling aggrieved, the petitioners filed a Motion to Quash Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction,^[28] by which they alleged that the RTC had prejudged the case in TMA's favor, as it practically granted the main prayer in the action for specific performance. They likewise argued that the requisites for the issuance of an extraordinary writ of injunction were not satisfied. These requisites demand that: (1) there must be a present right, or right in esse, to be protected; and (2) the act against which the injunction is to be directed is a violation of such right. Petitioners further argued that the RTC failed to consider that the CJVA was null and void for being a supply contract that was masked as a JV agreement.

Petitioners' motion to quash was still denied by the RTC in an Order^[29] dated September 4, 2013, the decretal portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, defendants' PCSO[, et al.'s] Motion to Quash Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction is hereby DENIED.

SO ORDERED.^[30]

The foregoing prompted the petitioners to assail before the CA the RTC's Orders dated May 13, 2011 and September 4, 2013 via a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 132655.

Meanwhile, on October 14, 2013, TMA filed with the RTC an Extremely Urgent Omnibus Motion^[31] indicating that PCSO refused to heed to the conditions that were set forth in the injunctive writs. TMA asked the RTC to compel the PCSO to issue Purchase Orders for its lottery consumables under such terms provided in the subject CJVA. The motion was opposed by the petitioners, but it was still granted by the RTC in an Order^[32] dated November 6, 2013. It ruled:

Without going deeper into the merits of the case, in compliance with the Writ of Injunction earlier issued and to avoid the disruption of the lottery operation of PCSO, which is vested with public interest, this Court orders:

1. Plaintiff to immediately deliver to PCSO the following papers:

	Volume	Prices
Luzon Thermal Rolls	804,000 pieces	Php 357.5967
Betting Slips:
6/55	192,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/49	180,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/45	180,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/42	120,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6-D	26,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
4-D	27,600,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
3-D	30,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
EZ2	120,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221

Luzon and Visayas Mindanao Terminals:

Thermal Rolls	600,000 pieces	Php 357.59
		and Php 436.09
Betting Slips:
6/42	84,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/45	108,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/49	108,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
4-D	36,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
3-D	96,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
2-D	36,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
6/55	96,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221

2. PCSO is ordered to accept and pay the above goods in accordance with the prices [set forth] in the CJVA including any adjustments provided therein at the time of the issuance of this Order.

SO ORDERED.^[33]

The petitioners moved for a reconsideration of the trial court's Order.^[34] Pending the resolution of the motion for reconsideration, the RTC issued an Order dated November 25, 2013 that directed TMA to suspend compliance with the Order dated November 6, 2013. Notwithstanding such order, however, the petitioners claimed that on November 25 and 26, 2013, TMA still delivered to the PCSO Warehouse 8, Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City the lotto papers that were enumerated in the November 6, 2013 Order.^[35]

On March 18, 2014, Judge Dumayas voluntarily inhibited from the case for specific performance. The case was re-raffled to the sala of Judge Elpidio R. Calis (Judge Calis) of the RTC of Makati City, Branch 133.^[36]

On March 27, 2014, the CA rendered in CA-G.R. SP No. 132655 its Decision that favored TMA. The CA found no error in the RTC's issuance of the Orders dated May 13, 2011 and September 4, 2013, as it referred to the necessity to maintain the status quo between the parties in the meantime that the principal action for specific performance remained pending. The appellate court explained:

[I]f We [were] to allow PCSO, et al. to suspend the CJVA without TMA's consent, and worse, without due process, the same would work injustice to the latter as it would be violative of its right under the CJVA. Its causing TMA irreparable injury, as a protected party under the contract, is evidently beyond dispute.

PCSO, et al. also allege that respondent Judge has practically granted the main relief sought in TMA's complaint when it granted the subject writs.

x x x x

x x x. In the exercise of its discretion, the RTC merely opted to preserve the status quo between the parties pending determination of the merits of TMA's principal action for specific performance. Its intention was to avoid any irreparable injury that a non-issuance of the injunctive writ may cause TMA.

In sum, if the RTC did not err when it issued the assailed Orders, We all the more find it difficult to rule, at this point, that it committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction when it issued said Orders.^[37] (Emphasis in the original)

The fallo of the CA's Decision then reads:

WHEREFORE, denying the petition, the same is consequently DISMISSED, for lack of merit.

SO ORDERED.^[38] (Emphasis in the original)

Hence, the petitioners, through the OGCC, filed with the Court the Petition for Review on Certiorari with Urgent Motion for Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order and Writ of Preliminary Injunction docketed as G.R. No. 212143.^[39]

On the other hand, TMA filed with the RTC a Motion for Execution,^[40] dated April 30, 2014, that asked the RTC of Makati City to require the execution "on moneys, properties and other assets of the PCSO sufficient to pay for the price of the deliveries in the amount of EIGHTY-TWO MILLION PESOS (P82,000,000.00), plus interest of twelve percent (12%) from due date of the delivery, until the time of payment"^[41] for deliveries that were purportedly effected by TMA under the Order of the RTC that was issued on November 6, 2013. The petitioners opposed the motion and argued that there was nothing in the trial court's preliminary injunction that called for a direct purchase from TMA by PCSO of its lotto consumables.^[42]

On June 11, 2014, Judge Calis issued an Order^[43] granting the motion for execution. He explained that "the supply and delivery of thermal papers and betting slips by [TMA] to the PCSO is part and parcel of the implementation of the JVA."^[44] The fallo of his Order reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motion for Execution is GRANTED. Accordingly, the Court hereby orders the following:

1. Let a Writ of Execution be issued directing the [petitioners] to immediately pay the amount of EIGHTY TWO MILLION THREE HUNDRED FIFTY FOUR THOUSAND THIRTY SEVEN AND 32/100 (PHP82,354,037.32).

2. For this purpose, the Branch Sheriff is directed to execute on the monies, properties and assets of the Defendant PCSO wherever they may be found, in order to satisfy the said amount.

SO ORDERED.^[45]

In an Omnibus Motion,^[46] the petitioners asked the RTC to, first, reconsider the Order dated June 11, 2014 that granted the motion for execution and, second, quash the Writ of Execution dated June 13, 2014 that was issued pursuant thereto. On August 12, 2014, the RTC denied the Omnibus Motion via an Order^[47] with a dispositive portion that reads:

WHERFORE, premises considered, the [petitioners'] Omnibus Motion dated 23 June 2014 is DENIED for lack of merit. With the filing of [petitioners'] Joint Answer Ex Abudanti Ad Cautelam dated May 12, 2011, let the above entitled case be referred to mediation on August 29, 2014, 9 o'clock in the morning before the Philippine Mediation Center 10^th Floor, Makati City Hall. The proceedings relative to the specific performance and indirect contempt are hereby suspended pending mediation proceedings.

SO ORDERED.^[48] (Emphasis in the original)

The RTC cited its previous Orders in which it reiterated the obligation of PCSO under the CJVA to procure its paper products from TMA. There was also nothing wrong or irregular with the issuance by the trial court of a writ of execution against PCSO's funds, given that the agency's charter clothed it with a juridical personality that was separate and distinct from the government.

Undaunted, the petitioners filed with the CA another Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition,^[49] docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 137528, to seek the reversal and annulment of the RTC Orders dated June 11, 2014 and August 12, 2014. They pointed out that the injunctive writs merely ordered that the status quo between the parties be preserved. "[T]he status quo between the parties existing prior to the filing of the case is the initial stage in the implementation of the assailed JV which is firstly the establishment of a thermal coating plant capable of producing the paper products. This was the status quo at the time the 13 May 2011 Order granting the Injunctive Writs was issued."^[50] Petitioners further insisted that the properties and funds of PCSO could not be garnished as they belonged to the government.^[51]

While CA-G.R. SP No. 137528 remained pending with the CA, TMA filed another Motion for Execution (Pursuant to the Manifestation Filed on 18 June 2014)^[52] dated August 1, 2014, that asked for another writ of execution to cover the price of paper deliveries in the amount of P178,139,975.84, plus interest of 12% from due date of the delivery. This amount covered deliveries distinct from those included in the P82,000,000.00 that was previously demanded. The motion remained unresolved as the case was referred to mediation and judicial dispute resolution (JDR). When the mediation and JDR failed, the case was re-raffled to the sala of Judge Villarosa, RTC of Makati City, Branch 66.^[53]

Meanwhile, the Court granted in G.R. No. 212143 the petitioners' application for a TRO. It enjoined the RTC from implementing the Order dated November 6, 2013, as stated in a Resolution dated October 20, 2014, viz.:

As prayed for, the Court further resolves to ISSUE a TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER, effective immediately and continuing until further orders from this Court, enjoining the Regional Trial Court, Branch 59, Makati City, from implementing its assailed Order dated November 6, 2013 in Civil Case No. 11-310 x x x which granted the "Extremely Urgent Omnibus Motion" dated October 11, 2013 filed by TMA Group of Companies PTY, LTD. and TMA Group Philippines, Inc.^[54]

The CA eventually dismissed CA-G.R. SP No. 137528 via a Decision^[55] dated February 4, 2016, the decretal portion of which reads:

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the assailed Orders are affirmed. Accordingly, the petition is hereby DISMISSED.

SO ORDERED.^[56] (Emphasis in the original)

The appellate court reasoned:

We find nothing erroneous in the RTC's issuance of the assailed Orders. It is aptly ruled by the RTC that the obligation to procure and source PCSO's paper requirements from private respondents is expressly provided in the CJVA and is the intention of the parties x x x[.]

x x x x

In directing PCSO to immediately lift the suspension of the CJVA and to resume such implementation without delay in its Writ of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction, the RTC commands the performance of some positive act to correct a wrong in the past, i.e. the fulfillment of the obligations of both parties to the CJVA. The CJVA, specifically provision 6.4, embodies the commitment of private respondents to supply lottery paper requirements of PCSO and the establishment of a thermal coating plant in the Philippines. It must be emphasized that the CJVA has commenced implementation as asserted by private respondents x x x[.]

x x x x

[A]nd the delivery by private respondents of thermal papers and betting slips is part of its commitment to the CJVA.

A preliminary mandatory injunction is more cautiously regarded that a mere prohibitive injunction since, more than its function of preserving the status quo between the parties, it also commands the performance of an act. Hence, the delivery of thermal papers and betting slips during the pendency of the case for specific performance is considered a performance of a positive act within the meaning of a preliminary mandatory injunction.^[57] (Citation omitted)

Considering the undisputed fact that there had been deliveries of lotto papers by TMA to PCSO, the CA held that the latter must compensate TMA. The rule that government funds cannot be subject of execution or garnishment is subject to exceptions. Among these exceptions, funds of public corporations that can sue and be sued are not exempt from garnishment. Under its charter, Republic Act No. 1169, PCSO is with all the general powers of a corporation.^[58]

The petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration,^[59] but this was denied by the CA in its Resolution^[60] dated June 27, 2016. Hence, petitioners filed with the Court the Petition for Review on Certiorari docketed as G.R. No. 225457, which sought the reversal and setting aside of the CA Decision dated February 4, 2016 and Resolution dated June 27, 2016. On October 5, 2016, the Court issued a Resolution^[61] that consolidated G.R. No. 225457 and G.R. No. 212143.

Several other incidents transpired in the main case with the RTC. On August 3, 2017, TMA filed with the trial court a Motion for Summary Judgment, which was granted by Judge Villarosa. In a Decision dated December 5, 2017, the RTC ruled that the writ of preliminary injunction that was earlier issued in the case was substituted by a writ of permanent mandatory and prohibitory injunction.^[62] Dissatisfied by the decision, the petitioners filed a corresponding Notice of Appeal.^[63]

In the meantime, TMA filed, on December 12, 2017, with the trial court a Motion for Execution of the Decision dated December 5, 2017, asking the RTC to compel PC SO to issue "an Order directing the issuance of a Writ of Execution requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of Php707,223,555.44."^[64] TMA claimed that thermal rolls and bet slips amounting to Php707,223,555.44, inclusive of VAT, had been manufactured for PCSO and stored at TMA's warehouse in Calamba, Laguna, ready to be transported to PCSO's warehouse at any time, upon a two-day notice. TMA sent a demand letter to PCSO corresponding to the said amount, but the latter still refused to pay.^[65] On January 18, 2018, the RTC resolved to grant TMA's motion for execution via an Order with the fallo that reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, plaintiffs' Motion for Execution dated December 12, 2017 is hereby GRANTED. Let a Writ of Execution be issued requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of defendant PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of Php707,223,555.44. Further, the subject lotto papers, thermal rolls and bet slips shall remain in the custody of Plaintiffs until defendant PCSO has paid and is ready to accept the same.

SO ORDERED.^[66]

As it referred to the CA's prior decision in CA-G.R. SP No. 137528, a valid and binding writ of preliminary injunction that directed the implementation of the CJVA, the RTC explained that under the agreement, TMA has the exclusive right to supply PCSO's lotto paper requirements. PCSO, on the other hand, had the correlative duty to exclusively procure lotto papers from TMA. The payment or execution is a mere consequence and a necessary effect of the injunction. While TMA was ready to deliver the paper supplies that were necessary for PCSO's lotto operations, the latter effectively prevented the delivery by failing to issue the corresponding purchase orders. The trial court thus held:

Defendants' arguments pertaining to the lack of judgment or decision directing the payment of Php707 Million and that this case is not a collection of sum of money are inconsequential. The right of plaintiffs to be paid by defendant PCSO for the supply of lotto papers does not arise from a judgment of the Decision dated December 5, 2017; rather, it arose from the Writ of Preliminary Injunction. This payment or execution is a mere consequence and a necessary effect of the aforementioned injunction.

x x x x

With the refusal of defendant PCSO to implement the CJVA and to issue purchase orders, the Court, through the Writ of Preliminary Injunction, can intervene by allowing plaintiffs to supply and deliver lotto papers to defendant PCSO and require the latter to pay for such papers, in accordance with the CJVA. For the Court to shy away from this duty is to make the injunction a toothless remedy to the detriment of the administration of justice. The court's intervention becomes more imperative by virtue of the public interest involved in the operations of lotto.

x x x x

Without said lotto papers, the lotto operations of the government will be paralyzed and will affect public interest and the economy. Defendant PCSO cannot hold hostage the lotto operations nationwide by refusing to issue purchase orders for lotto papers despite the obvious need therefor. It is thus necessary that PCSO procures lotto papers from plaintiffs TMA, through the JV, and for the latter to ensure such delivery in accordance with the CJVA.^[67]

The decretal portion of the RTC's Order then reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, plaintiffs' Motion for Execution dated December 12, 2017 is hereby GRANTED. Let a Writ of Execution be issued requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of defendant PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of Php707,223,555.44. Further, the subject lotto papers, thermal rolls and bet slips shall remain in the custody of Plaintiffs until defendant PCSO has paid and is ready to accept the same.

SO ORDERED.^[68]

A corresponding Writ of Execution^[69] and Notice to Comply/Pay^[70] were issued by the trial court. This prompted the petitioners to directly file with the Court the Petition for Certiorari^[71] docketed as G.R. No. 236888. They sought to justify the direct recourse to the Court by alleging that "there is no plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, and that the matters and issues involved in the assailed Order in [the] Petition are closely interrelated to the consolidated cases in [G.R. No. 225457 and G.R. No. 212143]."^[72] Incorporated in the petition was an application for TRO and/or writ of preliminary injunction so that the RTC of Makati City, Branch 66, could be prevented from implementing its Order dated January 18, 2018.

Consolidation of G.R. No. 236888 with G.R. No. 225457 and G.R. No. 212143 was made by the Court in its Resolution^[73] dated March 7, 2018.

The Present Petitions

All three consolidated petitions arose from the issuance, on May 13, 2011, by the RTC, in Civil Case No. 11-310, of the questioned injunctive writs, and the separate writs of execution, covering significant amounts of P82,354,037.32 and P707,223,555.44, that were purportedly issued on the basis thereof.

In G.R. No. 212143, petitioners particularly enumerate the following assignment of errors:

A. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT JUDGE DUMAYAS DID NOT GRAVELY ABUSE HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE ISSUED THE 13 MAY 2011 AND 4 SEPTEMBER 2013 ORDERS AND, WORSE, HE INVALIDLY CREATED NEW RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTIES.

B. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT IN ISSUING THE ANCILLARY REMEDY OF THE INJUNCTIVE WRITS, JUDGE DUMAYAS MERELY OPTED TO PRESERVE THE STATUS QUO, THE TRUTH BEING THAT HE HAD PRACTICALLY GRANTED THE MAIN RELIEF SOUGHT IN THE SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE CASE.^[74]

In G.R. No. 225457, the petitioners raise the following assignment of errors:

A. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT JUDGE CALIS DID NOT GRAVELY ABUSE HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE ISSUED THE 11 JUNE 2014 ORDER GRANTING THE MOTION FOR THE ISSUANCE OF THE WRIT OF EXECUTION.

B. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT JUDGE CALIS DID NOT GRAVELY ABUSE HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE ISSUED TO PCSO THE NOTICE TO COMPLY AND ORDERED THE PAYMENT OF PHP82,354,037.32 TO TMA, REPRESENTING THE ALLEGED DELIVERIES OF LOTTO PAPERS TO PCSO WHICH IT DID NOT ORDER.

C. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT JUDGE CALIS DID NOT GRAVELY ABUSE HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN JUDGE CALIS' ASSAILED 11 JUNE 2014 ORDER DIRECTED THAT PCSO SHOULD IMMEDIATELY PAY TMA PHP82,354,037.32.^[75]

In G.R. No. 236888, the petitioners cite the following grounds to support their petition for certiorari:

1. JUDGE VILLAROSA GRAVELY ABUSED HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE RELIED ON THE WRIT OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF THE LOTTO PAPERS TO PCSO.
   
   
2. JUDGE VILLAROSA GRAVELY ABUSED HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE ISSUED THE ASSAILED ORDER PURSUANT TO THE ANCILLARY WRIT OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION WHICH WAS ALREADY SUBSTITUTED BY THE WRIT OF PERMANENT INJUNCTION AS PER HIS 5 DECEMBER 2017 DECISION.
   
   
3. JUDGE VILLAROSA GRAVELY ABUSED HIS DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN HE ISSUED THE ASSAILED 18 JANUARY 2018 ORDER BECAUSE IT DIRECTED THE PAYMENT OF PHP707,223,555.44 IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY PURCHASE ORDER FOR LOTTO PAPERS FROM PCSO.
   
   
4. JUDGE VILLAROSA'S ASSAILED ORDER IS AN EXACT REPLICA OF THE 6 NOVEMBER 2013 ORDER WHICH WAS RESTRAINED BY THIS HONORABLE COURT'S FIRST DIVISION IN ITS 20 OCTOBER 2014'S RESOLUTION IN G.R. 212143.
   
   
5. JUDGE VILLAROSA'S ASSAILED ORDER WAS BASED ON THE COURT OF [APPEALS'] DECISION WHICH IS NOT A BINDING AUTHORITY AND STILL PENDING REVIEW BY THIS HONORABLE SUPREME COURT.^[76]
   

Pending the resolution of the petitions, TMA filed an Extremely Urgent Opposition (To: PCSO's Application for the Issuance of TRO/WPI)^[77] dated March 5, 2018, as it explained that the petitioners' prayer had been rendered moot by the fact that the act sought to be enjoined had already become fait accompli. Apparently, the Philippine National Bank had already released the amount of P707,223,555.44, through a Manager's Check^[78] dated February 23, 2018, and debited against the account of PCSO, to satisfy the writ of execution issued under the RTC's Order dated January 18, 2018.

Taking such circumstance into account, the Court issued on July 9, 2018 a Resolution^[79] that reads in part:

After deliberating on the petition for certiorari with prayer for TRO and/or WPI in G.R. No. 236888, assailing the Order dated January 18, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 66, Makati City in Civil Case No. 11-310, the Court, without necessarily giving due course thereto, further resolves to require the PCSO to MANIFEST:

(a)	Whether or not the lotto paper supplies subject of the Writ of the Execution dated January 22, 2018 have actually been delivered;
(b)	If the answer in the foregoing query is in the affirmative, whether or not the said delivery has been withdrawn or consumed, in any manner or extent, by the PCSO, and
(c)	Whether or not TMA posted a separate bond before the garnished amount of P707,223,555.44 was released.

In the event that no bond had been posted before the release of the garnished amount of P707,223,555.44, TMA is hereby ORDERED to post a reasonable bond in the amount of Three Hundred Fifty Million Pesos (P350,000,000.00), within five (5) days from notice. Should a bond been posted but is less than the amount of P350,000,000.00, it must then post a bond corresponding to the balance of the stated amount.

The subject of the foregoing inquiry are the lotto paper supplies that were covered by the Writ of Execution dated January 22, 2018, for which the amount of P707,223,555.44 was garnished against PCSO and thereafter paid through PNB Manager's Check dated February 23, 2018 to respondent TMA.

The Court takes note that in the Urgent Manifestation and Motion dated March 12, 2018 in G.R. No. 236888, respondent TMA admitted that it had yet to make a successful delivery of the lotto paper supplies subject of the Writ of Execution dated January 22, 2018, although it is ready and willing to do so. It alleged that the last unsuccessful attempt to make a delivery was done on March 7, 2018 at the PCSO warehouse in San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila but the same was refused acceptance. The reckoning point of the foregoing inquiry, therefore, is from March 12, 2018 until receipt of notice of this resolution.

The PCSO is given a NON-EXTENDIBLE period of five (5) days from receipt of this resolution within which to submit its Manifestation and to serve a copy thereof to respondent TMA.^[80] (Emphasis supplied, citation omitted)

TMA was required under the same Resolution to file a Consolidated Comment on the petitions in G.R. Nos. 225457 and 236888. TMA filed a comment^[81] dated December 10, 2014 in G.R. No. 212143.

Meanwhile, on July 31, 2018, PCSO and TMA, through their respective counsels, filed a Joint Motion to Suspend Proceedings^[82] in view of the negotiations for a settlement agreement. On September 11, 2018, TMA filed a motion seeking additional time to post the bond required by this Court's July 9, 2018 Resolution. On September 14, 2018, TMA filed another motion^[83] praying that this Court, in lieu of requiring the posting of a bond, order TMA to deliver to the PCSO lotto papers worth P707,223,555.44. On September 20, 2018, PCSO filed its Manifestation/Compliance^[84] in accordance with this Court's July 9, 2018 Resolution, stating that TMA has not delivered the lotto paper supplies subject of the Writ of Execution dated January 22, 2018 in Civil Case No. 11-310; and that TMA has not posted a bond prior to the release of the garnished amount of P707,223,555.44.

On November 5, 2018, this Court issued a Resolution^[85] which, inter alia, granted the parties' Joint Motion to Suspend Proceedings and TMA's motion for additional time to post the required bond, up to September 26, 2018. In a Motion dated November 23, 2018,^[86] PCSO moved for the resumption of proceedings, citing the failure of the parties to agree upon an amicable settlement of the case. On December 20, 2018, PCSO filed a Motion and Manifestation^[87] stating that TMA still has not posted the required bond.

On May 7, 2019, TMA filed its Consolidated Comment Ad Cautelam^[88] for G.R. Nos. 225457 and 236888, by which it raised the following main arguments: (1) the issue in G.R. No. 225457 has been rendered moot by PCSO's use of the lotto papers that were delivered to it; (2) the writ of preliminary injunction that directed the implementation of the CJVA necessarily included the delivery of lotto papers and payment thereof; (3) the source of the lotto papers was TMA, through the JV, and from an existing thermal coating plant; (4) the trial court did not create a new contract between PCSO and TMA; and (5) PCSO's funds are not exempt from garnishment.

The Court's Ruling

Upon review, the Court finds merit in the consolidated petitions.

At the outset, the Court explains that it allows the petitioners' direct recourse from an order of the RTC in G.R. No. 236888, given the grounds that petitioners invoked to justify it. The urgency of the matter and the substantial amount involved, along with the pendency of the two other petitions that are closely related to the matter set forth in the third petition, justify a consolidation and warrant an immediate action and remedy that will yield results that are consistent with the pending SC petitions. More importantly, the merit that the Court finds in these interrelated petitions sufficiently supports the direct recourse from the order of the RTC, in the broader interest of justice. The following pronouncement of the Court in Dy v. Judge Bibat-Palamos, et al.^[89] applies:

Under the principle of hierarchy of courts, direct recourse to this Court is improper because the Supreme Court is a court of last resort and must remain to be so in order for it to satisfactorily perform its constitutional functions, thereby allowing it to devote its time and attention to matters within its exclusive jurisdiction and preventing the overcrowding of its docket. Nonetheless, the invocation of this Court's original jurisdiction to issue writs of certiorari has been allowed in certain instances on the ground of special and important reasons clearly stated in the petition, such as, (1) when dictated by the public welfare and the advancement of public policy; (2) when demanded by the broader interest of justice; (3) when the challenged orders were patent nullities; or (4) when analogous exceptional and compelling circumstances called for and justified the immediate and direct handling of the case.^[90] (Emphasis ours, citation omitted)

The Court likewise finds it worthy to mention that the present disposition is confined to the subjects of the RTC Orders from which the consolidated petitions arose, and the issues that are raised pertinent thereto. The trial court's decision that delved on the main issue in the specific performance case is not a subject of the present review, as any appeal therefrom has yet to reach the Court.

G.R. No. 212143

The question on the validity of the writs of execution issued by the trial court against PCSO funds and which are subjects of G.R. Nos. 225457 and 236888 first demands a scrutiny of the legality and propriety of the injunctive writs that were issued by the trial court under its Orders dated May 13, 2011, September 4, 2013 and November 6, 2013 which, in turn, are the core of G.R. No. 212143.

When the CA dismissed CA-G.R. SP No. 132655 that was instituted by the petitioners to assail the said three RTC's Orders, it relied mainly on two points. Specifically, the appellate court first referred to the requisites for the issuance of injunctive writs and declared that such requisites were sufficiently established and satisfied by TMA; and second, it emphasized the need to maintain the status quo between PCSO and TMA through the issuance of the injunctive writs. As the Court, however, takes into account settled rules and jurisprudence that apply to the provisional remedy vis-a-vis the facts and circumstances that attend these cases, it now finds it appropriate to reverse and nullify the CA Decision dated March 27, 2014 that affirmed the RTC.

A writ of preliminary injunction is an injunctive relief and preservative remedy for the protection of substantive rights and interests. Being a mere preservative remedy for the protection of substantive rights or interests, it is not a cause of action in itself but is merely a provisional remedy, an adjunct to a main suit.^[91] Its nature, purpose and requisites were further explained by the Court in Lukang v. Pagbilao Development Corporation, et al.,^[92] where it was held that:

A writ of preliminary injunction is a provisional remedy which is adjunct to a main suit, as well as a preservative remedy issued to maintain the status quo of the things subject of the action or the relations between the parties during the pendency of the suit. The purpose of injunction is to prevent threatened or continuous irremediable injury to the parties before their claims can be thoroughly studied and educated. Its sole aim is to preserve the status quo until the merits of the case are fully heard. Under Section 3, Rule 58 of the Rules of Court, an application for a writ of preliminary injunction may be granted if the following grounds are established:

(a)	That the applicant is entitled to the relief demanded, and the whole or part of such relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of the act or acts complained of, or in requiring the performance of an act or acts, either for a limited period or perpetually;
(b)	That the commission, continuance or non-performance of the act or acts complained of during the litigation would probably work injustice to the applicant; or
(c)	That a party, court, agency or a person is doing, threatening, or is attempting to do, or is procuring or suffering to be done, some act or acts probably in violation of the rights of the applicant respecting the subject of the action or proceeding, and tending to render the judgment ineffectual.

Thus, a writ of preliminary injunction may be issued upon the concurrence of the following essential requisites, to wit: (a) the invasion of right sought to be protected is material and substantial; (b) the right of the complainant is clear and unmistakable; and (c) there is an urgent and paramount necessity for the writ to prevent serious damage. While a clear showing of the right is necessary, its existence need not be conclusively established. Hence, to be entitled to the writ, it is sufficient that the complainant shows that he has an ostensible right to the final relief prayed for in his complaint.^[93] (Citation omitted)

Jurisprudence sets several other limits on the issuance of injunctive writs. For a court to decide properly on an application for TRO and/or writ of preliminary injunction, two things are to be looked into, viz.: (1) clear and unmistakable right that must be protected; and (2) an urgent and paramount necessity for the writ to prevent serious damage.^[94] Moreover, the sole objective of a preliminary injunction must be to preserve the status quo until the merits of the case can be heard.^[95] Status quo is defined as "the last actual peaceable uncontested status which preceded the controversy."^[96] The injunctive writs that were issued by the RTC in the suit for specific performance failed in these respects.

To begin with, the RTC's injunctive writs appear to have been issued even in the absence of facts sufficient to establish the aforementioned requisites, which we reiterate to be that: (a) the invasion of right sought to be protected is material and substantial; (b) the right of the complainant is clear and unmistakable; and (c) there is an urgent and paramount necessity for the writ to prevent serious damage.

Requisites (a) and (b) are specific: the invasion of the right sought to be protected needs to be material and substantial, and the right of the complainant is clear and unmistakable. In this case, TMA invoked and premised its purported rights solely on the basis of the CJVA that it had earlier executed with PCSO, and the trial court took such proposition hook, line and sinker, as the RTC found it necessary to protect such rights by the continued implementation of the contract between the parties. This was the same justification provided by the CA when it sustained the orders of the RTC, prompting it to make the following pronouncement in its Decision^[97] dated March 27, 2014:

[I]f we are to allow PCSO, [et] al. to suspend the CJVA without TMA's consent, and worse, without due process, the same would work injustice to the latter as it would be violative of its right under the CJVA. Its causing TMA irreparable injury, as a protected party under the contract, is evidently beyond dispute.^[98]

For the Court, however, the serious error of both the trial and appellate courts resulted from the simplistic approach by which they readily accepted TMA's claim of rights and interests, i.e., by a plain reading of the CJVA, in a transaction that was purported to be a JV. The courts failed to sufficiently assess the contents and implications of the terms that were embodied in the agreement, which would have been the prudent thing to do when they determined the nature of TMA's claimed rights, especially since the validity of the contract was early on made an issue and was precisely the reason why PCSO opted to suspend its implementation. The petitioners' stand on the agreement's invalidity was even backed by the recent OGCC Opinion that extensively discussed the bases for such stance. The validity of the CJVA was a key issue in the main case, and the alleged right of TMA under the CJVA remained to be resolved.

If only the trial court made a closer look into the terms of the contract as against the parties' respective assertions, it would have readily determined the reasonable reservations on the validity of the CJVA, and that the claimed rights of TMA were far from being "clear and unmistakable." The absence of such clear and unmistakable right, as mandated by the second requisite for the valid issuance of an injunctive writ, then precludes the possibility of an invasion of a right that is material and substantial, as required by the first requisite.

Further into the requisites for injunctive writs, there must be an urgent and paramount necessity to prevent serious damage so that their issuance could be justified. "It must be proven that the violation sought to be prevented would cause an irreparable damage."^[99] As with the first two requisites, this circumstance was not proved in this case.

The purported damage to TMA by the suspension of the implementation of the CJVA was more apparent than real. It was not even established that the thermal coating plant intended to be set up under the parties' JV agreement was already organized and operating at the time of the RTC's issuance of the writs of preliminary injunction. Furthermore, any damage that TMA could sustain from the suspension of the CJVA's implementation would be purely economic and is capable of reparation. The pronouncement of the Court in Heirs of Melencio Yu, et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al.^[100] is instructive:

As the damages alleged by them can be quantified, it cannot be considered as "grave and irreparable injury" as understood in law:

It is settled that a writ of preliminary injunction should be issued only to prevent grave and irreparable injury, that is, injury that is actual, substantial, and demonstrable. Here, there is no "irreparable injury" as understood in law. Rather, the damages alleged by the petitioner, namely, "immense loss in profit and possible damage claims from clients" and the cost of the billboard which is "a considerable amount of money" is easily quantifiable, and certainly does not fall within the concept of irreparable damage or injury as described in Social Security Commission v. Bayona:

Damages are irreparable within the meaning of the rule relative to the issuance of injunction where there is no standard by which their amount can be measured with reasonable accuracy. "An irreparable injury which a court of equity will enjoin includes that degree of wrong of a repeated and continuing kind which produce hurt, inconvenience, or damage that can be estimated only by conjecture, and not by any accurate standard of measurement." An irreparable injury to authorize an injunction consists of a serious charge of, or is destructive to, the property it affects, either physically or in the character in which it has been held and enjoined, or when the property has some peculiar quality or use, so that its pecuniary value will not fairly recompense the owner of the loss thereof.

Here, any damage petitioner may suffer is easily subject to mathematical computation and, if proven, is fully compensable by damages. Thus, a preliminary injunction is not warranted. As previously held in Golding v. Balatbat, the writ of injunction -

should never issue when an action for damages would adequately compensate the injuries caused. The very foundation of the jurisdiction to issue the writ rests in the probability of irreparable injury, the inadequacy of pecuniary compensation, and the prevention of the multiplicity of suits, and where facts are not shown to bring the case within these conditions, the relief of injunction should be refused.^[101] (Emphasis ours, citation omitted)

Considering the circumstances, it was PCSO, in fact, that stood to sustain the substantial and irreparable injury by the continued implementation of the CJVA in the meantime that the main suit was pending, given the adverse and substantial impact that its terms could produce on the funds of the agency, as well as the damage, breach and corresponding liabilities that might result from the failure to observe procurement rules in case CJVA's illegality is confirmed. When it decided on the propriety and urgency of an issuance of the injunctive writs, the trial court should have similarly considered these interests of the PCSO, as the latter invoked a corresponding obligation to protect its funds from misuse. It is precisely the reason why injunctive writs are generally granted only after notice and hearing, as provided under Section 5, Rule 58 of the Rules of Court, in order to afford the other party the opportunity to be heard and refute the assertions of the applicants.

In Bicol Medical Center v. Botor,^[102] the Court reiterated:

[A] writ of preliminary injunction is an ancillary and interlocutory order issued as a result of an impartial determination of the context of both parties. It entails a procedure for the judge to assess whether the reliefs prayed for by the complainant will be rendered moot simply as a result of the parties' having to go through the full requirements of a case being fully heard on its merits. Although a trial court judge is given a latitude of discretion, he or she cannot grant a writ of injunction if there is no clear legal right materially and substantially breached from a prima facie evaluation of the evidence of the complainant. Even if this is present, the trial court must satisfy itself that the injury to be suffered is irreparable.^[103] (Citation omitted)

It is, therefore, clear that the RTC committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction when it issued the Orders dated May 13, 2011, September 4, 2013 and November 6, 2013. "[I]n the absence x x x of a legal right and the injury sustained by the plaintiff, an order of the trial court granting the issuance of an injunctive writ will be set aside, for having been issued with grave abuse of discretion."^[104]

By issuing the injunctive writs, the trial court also granted remedies that fully correspond to the same prayer sought by TMA in the main action for specific performance, i.e., an order upon the petitioners to fully and faithfully comply with the terms and provisions of the CJVA. This equated to a breach of another fundamental tenet on the matter of issuance of writs of preliminary injunction: that such writs should not be issued if it would amount to a prejudgment of the case by the trial court. As the Court held in Rep. of the Phils, v. Sps. Lazo:^[105]

The prevailing rule is that the courts should avoid issuing a writ of preliminary injunction that would in effect dispose of the main case without trial. Otherwise, there would be a prejudgment of the main case and a reversal of the rule on the burden of proof since it would assume the proposition which petitioners are inceptively bound to prove. Indeed, a complaint for injunctive relief must be construed strictly against the pleader.^[106]

On this point, we cannot help but discern in TMA's actuations before the trial court and this Court, an apparent intent to "railroad" the enforcement of the CJVA through the issuance of writs of preliminary prohibitory and mandatory injunction; and subsequently, the relentless filing of motions seeking to compel PCSO to accept its forced deliveries and to make continued payments to it on the strength of said forced deliveries. This goes against the very nature of a preliminary injunction, which is meant to restore the parties to the situation prevailing prior to the controversy. At the risk of being repetitive, we reiterate the basic principle that preliminary injunctive writs cannot be issued if doing so will amount to granting the relief sought by the principal case. This is exactly what happened in the case at bar — as TMA sued for specific performance of the CJVA and then obtained a preliminary injunction to prevent PCSO from acquiring its lottery and gaming consumables from sources other than TMA, and to accept and pay for deliveries of said consumables from TMA. In a manner of speaking, TMA used the coercive powers under the writ of preliminary injunction to force the CJVA upon PCSO despite indications of irregularities and illegalities which were the precise cause of PCSO's trepidation in enforcing the CJVA. This abuse of court processes cannot be countenanced by the Court.

G.R. Nos. 225457 and 236888

As the issues raised in G.R. Nos. 225457 and 236888 are similar and interrelated, the merits thereof shall be resolved jointly.

Involved in both petitions were orders of the RTC that directed the execution against PCSO's funds on the basis of the writs of preliminary mandatory and prohibitory injunction it had earlier issued, and which involved substantial amounts of P82,354,037.32 under the Order dated June 11, 2014 and P707,223,555.44 under the Order dated January 18, 2018.The Court has, however, fully explained the grounds for the nullification of the injunctive writs upon which the RTC's directive to pay or execute was premised. The inevitable result of such pronouncement is a similar nullification of the writs of execution that were issued on the basis thereof.

In any case, even granting that the issuance of the writs of execution were to be ruled upon on grounds entirely distinct from the nullification of the RTC Orders dated May 13, 2011, September 4, 2013 and November 6, 2013, the two petitions remain meritorious.

The questioned writs of execution clearly went beyond the purpose of the injunctive writs. First, it has been reiterated by the Court in this Decision that the sole objective of a preliminary injunction must be to preserve the status quo until the merits of the case can be heard.^[107] Status quo is defined as "the last and actual peaceable uncontested status which preceded the controversy."^[108] It bears mentioning that prior to the parties' conflict, the subject JV was still in its initial stage of implementation. There was as yet no clear showing of a thermal plant that was established by virtue of the JV, and from which PCSO could be obliged to source its paper products. There was also no showing that PCSO has been ordering and paying for its paper requirements from the JV. Rather than preserving the status quo corresponding to the "last and actual peaceable uncontested status" between the parties, the manner by which the trial court implemented its injunctive writs resulted in greater conflict and controversy.

Second, by the terms of the writs of execution, the RTC missed the very terms of the CJVA that it sought to implement, as it wrongfully arrogated to itself the liberty of determining the parties' respective rights and obligations even as they lacked factual and legal bases.

It bears emphasis that the CJVA was specific on the establishment by the JV of the first thermal coating plant in the Philippines from which PCSO committed to obtain its thermal paper requirements. Absent sufficient proof that the intended plant had been built and already operating at the time of the issuance of the trial court's orders, TMA could not compel PCSO to source the paper products from it. Any other plant from which TMA could have produced or sourced its papers was beyond the scope of the agreement. Thus, even granting that the CJVA was valid, PCSO's commitment to TMA was limited to those that would be produced by the thermal coating plant that they both contemplated under their JV.

The RTC likewise improvidently determined and pegged in its Orders and writs of execution the substantial volume and price of papers that PCSO should receive from and pay to TMA. It substituted its own judgment to that of the actual need for thermal papers and betting slips of PCSO, which matter could have only been best determined by the agency. The trial court totally missed the provision in the CJVA that committed PCSO for its paper requirements under specifications that it should establish, particularly under paragraph 6.4 thereof that provides:

6.4. The TMA, through the JV, commits to provide PCSO with all its paper and other specialized paper products and consumables requirements, as mentioned above, in accordance with the PCSO specifications.^[109] (Emphasis ours)

By the RTC's writs of execution, PCSO was, however, constrained to receive the goods at prices and in enormous volumes that were arbitrarily determined by the trial court. It was wrongful for the RTC to determine for itself such parameters; it simply lacked such capacity. Not even TMA could reasonably do it. In the end, the trial court imposed upon the agency an obligation that probably went way beyond its needs and commitments under the purported JV, and under terms that breached its best interests and inevitably adversely affected its funds.

It is quite ironic that the RTC repeatedly sought to justify its injunctive writs and writs of execution by claiming to avoid a disruption of PCSO's lotto operations, as it invoked the public interest that was vested in such activities. What the trial court, however, refused to recognize was the similar need to guard the agency from unlawful agreements and unnecessary disbursement of funds if such public interest were to be truly considered.

All told, the Court holds as void and of no force and effect the following writs issued by the RTC in Civil Case No. 11-310: (a) the Writ of Preliminary Injunction that directed the petitioners to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the CJVA, and to resume such implementation without delay; (b) the Writ of Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction that enjoined the petitioners to cease and desist from performing any act that would lead to or constitute cancellation of the CJVA and committing any other act that would nullify, in effect, the implementation of the CJVA, including but not limited to the conduct of any bidding for its lotto paper requirements; and (c) the Writs of Execution that were issued pursuant to the injunctive writs. Consequently, TMA must return to PCSO any and all amounts paid by the latter under such void writs.

It must be noted, however, that PCSO had already used up the P82,354,037.32 worth of thermal paper delivered to it as a consequence of the payment directed by the Orders dated June 11, 2014 and August 12, 2014.^[110] Meanwhile, this Court has yet to act on TMA's prayer in its September 14, 2018 motion that it be ordered to deliver to PCSO lotto papers worth P707,223,555.44 in lieu of the posting of the required bond. This bond requirement was embodied in the Resolutions of this Court dated July 9, 2018^[111] and November 5, 2018;^[112] and finds basis in Section 4(b) of Rule 58^[113] of the Rules of Court. Furthermore, per PCSO's December 20, 2018 Manifestation,^[114] TMA has indeed not posted the required bond. Given the mandatory nature of said bond requirement; the continuing refusal of TMA to comply with this Court's orders to post such bond; and the nullity of the Order dated January 18, 2018 which furnishes the ultimate basis for the posting of such bond, the Court is of the opinion that the posting of the bond would be superfluous, as the amount of P707,223,555.44, having been garnished on the basis of the null and void Order dated January 18, 2018, should be returned to PCSO instead.

The Court is mindful that the writs of preliminary injunction had been substituted by a writ of permanent mandatory and prohibitory injunction under the RTC's Decision dated December 5, 2017 that disposed of the main case in Civil Case No. 11-310, yet the foregoing pronouncements remain crucial and material in determining the validity of the monetary claims against PCSO and the respective rights of the parties in the meantime that said main case has not yet been resolved with finality.

WHEREFORE, the Court rules as follows:

(1)	In G.R. No. 212143, the Petition for Review on Certiorari is GRANTED. The Court of Appeals' Decision dated March 27, 2014 in CA-G.R. SP No. 132655 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Orders dated May 13, 2011, September 4, 2013 and November 6, 2013 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 59, in Civil Case No. 11-310 are DECLARED VOID AND OF NO FORCE AND EFFECT;
(2)	In G.R. No. 225457, the Petition for Review on Certiorari is GRANTED. The Court of Appeals,' Decision dated February 4, 2016 and Resolution dated June 27, 2016 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Orders dated June 11, 2014 and August 12, 2014 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 133 in Civil Case No. 11-310 are DECLARED VOID AND OF NO FORCE AND EFFECT; and
(3)	In G.R. No. 236888, the Petition for Certiorari is GRANTED. The Order dated January 18, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 66 in Civil Case No. 11-310 is ANNULLED and SET ASIDE.
(4)	TMA Group of Companies Pty Ltd. (now known as TMA Australia Pty Ltd.), and TMA Group Philippines, Inc., are ORDERED to RETURN the amount of PhP707,223,555.44 representing the amount garnished under the Order dated January 18, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 66 in Civil Case No. 11-310.

SO ORDERED.

Inting, J., concur.
Peralta, (Chairperson), J., See seperate concurring opinion.
Leonen, J., I join the concurring opinion of J. Peralta also.
Hernando, J., on wellness leave.

---

NOTICE OF JUDGMENT

Sirs / Mesdames:

Please take notice that on August 28, 2019 a Decision, copy attached hereto, was rendered by the Supreme Court in the above-entitled case, the original of which was received by this Office on October 17, 2019 at 3:34 p.m.
 
 

	Very truly yours,
	(SGD) MISAEL DOMINGO C. BATTUNG III
	Deputy Division Clerk of Court

---

^[1] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 10-47.

^[2] Penned by Associate Justice Vicente S.E. Veloso (now retired), with Associate Justices Jane Aurora C. Lantion and Nina G. Antonio-Valenzuela concurring; id. at 57-71.

^[3] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 11-45.

^[4] Penned by Associate Justice Florito S. Macalino (now deceased), with Associate Justices Mariflor P. Punzalan Castillo and Zenaida T. Galapate-Laguilles concurring; id. at 57-66.

^[5] Id. at 54-55.

^[6] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 3-40.

^[7] Id. at 49-52-A.

^[8] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 101-111.

^[9] Id. at 73-84.

^[10] Represented in the CJVA by its then Vice Chairman and General Manager, Rosario C. Uriarte.

^[11] Represented in the CJVA by its Managing Director, Anthony Karam.

^[12] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), p. 76.

^[13] Id. at 76-78.

^[14] Id. at 86.

^[15] Id.

^[16] Id. at 87-88.

^[17] Id. at 87-96; Re: Request for Review of OGCC Contract Review 51, Series of 2011 to Include PCSO's Options and the Possible Repercussions of Each Course of Action.

^[18] Id. at 89.

^[19] Id. at 90.

^[20] Id. at 91.

^[21] Id. at 94.

^[22] Id.

^[23] Id. at 95.

^[24] Id. at 109-110.

^[25] Id. at 118.

^[26] Id. at 119-123.

^[27] Id. at 122-123.

^[28] Id. at 127-148.

^[29] Id. at 177-179.

^[30] Id. at 179.

^[31] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 215-220.

^[32] Id. at 227-229.

^[33] Id. at 228-229.

^[34] Id. at 230-239.

^[35] Id. at 18.

^[36] Id. at 19.

^[37] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 69-70.

^[38] Id. at 71.

^[39] Id. at 10-47.

^[40] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 307-313.

^[41] Id. at 312.

^[42] Id. at 316-329.

^[43] Id. at 330-333.

^[44] Id. at 332.

^[45] Id. at 332-333.

^[46] Id. at 334-354.

^[47] Id. at 387-391.

^[48] Id. at 391.

^[49] Id. at 355-386.

^[50] Id. at 365.

^[51] Id. at 370.

^[52] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 221-229.

^[53] Id. at 15.

^[54] Id. at 245.

^[55] Penned by Associate Justice Florito S. Macalino, with Associate Justices Mariflor P. Punzalan Castillo and Zenaida T. Galapate-Laguilles concurring; rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 57-66.

^[56] Id. at 65.

^[57] Id. at 62-63.

^[58] Id. at 64-65.

^[59] Id. at 67-71.

^[60] Id. at 54-55.

^[61] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), p. 487.

^[62] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), p. 18.

^[63] Id. at 333-335.

^[64] Id. at 49.

^[65] Id. at 49-50.

^[66] Id. at 52-A.

^[67] Id. at 52.

^[68] Id. at 52-A.

^[69] Id. at 53.

^[70] Id. at 54.

^[71] Id. at 3-40.

^[72] Id. at 8.

^[73] Id. at 416-418.

^[74] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 19-20.

^[75] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 21-22.

^[76] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 20-21.

^[77] Id. at 419-440.

^[78] Id. at 468.

^[79] Id. at 584-588.

^[80] Id. at 586-587.

^[81] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 329-367.

^[82] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 594-599-A.

^[83] Id. at 610-615.

^[84] Id. at 628-631.

^[85] Id. at 704-706.

^[86] Id. at 707-711.

^[87] Id. at 732-735.

^[88] Id. at 817-855.

^[89] 717 Phil. 776 (2013).

^[90] Id. at 782-783.

^[91] Spouses Dulnuan v. Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co., 763 Phil. 398, 405 (2015).

^[92] 728 Phil. 608 (2014).

^[93] Id. at 617.

^[94] Borlongan v. Banco de Oro, 808 Phil. 505, 516 (2017).

^[95] Id. at 517, citing Levi Strauss (Phils.), Inc. v. Vogue Traders Clothing Co., 500 Phil. 438, 461-462 (2005).

^[96] Dolmar Real Estate Dev't. Corp., et al. v. CA 5^th Div., et al., 570 Phil. 434, 439 (2008).

^[97] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 57-71.

^[98] Id. at 69.

^[99] Phil. National Bank v. Castalloy Technology Corp., et al., 684 Phil. 438, 443 (2012).

^[100] 717 Phil. 284 (2013).

^[101] Id. at 301-302.

^[102] G.R. No. 214073, October 4, 2017, 842 SCRA 143.

^[103] Id. at 154.

^[104] Ong Ching Kian Chuan v. Court of Appeals, 415 Phil. 365, 374-375 (2001).

^[105] 744 Phil. 367 (2014).

^[106] Id. at 401, citing Phil. Ports Authority v. Pier & Arrastre & Stevedoring Services, Inc., 512 Phil. 74, 90-91 (2005).

^[107] Id. at 83, citing Levi Strauss (Phils.) Inc. v. Vogue Traders Clothing Company, supra note 95.

^[108] Dolmar Real Estate Development Corporation v. CA, supra note 96 at 439.

^[109] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), p. 79.

^[110] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), p. 760.

^[111] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 584-588.

^[112] Id. at 704-706.

^[113] Under this section, a preliminary injunction may be granted only when, inter alia, the applicant files a bond, unless exempted by the court.

^[114] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 732-735.

---

PERALTA, J.:

I could not agree more with the ponencia in ruling that the actuations of TMA Group of Companies Pty Ltd. (TMA Australia) and TMA Group Philippines, Inc. (collectively known as TMA) show an apparent intent to "railroad" the enforcement of the Contractual Joint Venture Agreement (CJVA), through the issuance of writs of preliminary prohibitory and mandatory injunction, and the relentless filing of motions seeking to compel the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) and its Chairman of the Board,^[1] Members of the Board^[2] and General Manager^[3] to accept forced deliveries and to make continued payments to them on the strength of said forced deliveries. These indeed go against the very nature of preliminary injunction, which is meant to restore the parties to the situation prevailing prior to the controversy.^[4]

I likewise agree with the ponencia that despite the basic principle that preliminary injunctive writs cannot be issued if doing so will amount to granting the relief sought by the principal case, "[t]his is exactly what happened in the case at bar - as TMA sued for specific performance of the CJVA and then obtained a preliminary injunction to prevent PCSO from acquiring its lottery and gaming consumables [thermal rolls and betting slips] from sources other than TMA, and to accept and pay for deliveries of said consumables from TMA."^[5] As aptly noted by the ponencia, TMA used the coercive powers under the writ of preliminary injunction to force the CJVA upon the PCSO despite indications of irregularities and illegalities which were the precise causes of the PCSO's trepidation in enforcing the CJVA. This abuse of court processes cannot be countenanced by the Court.^[6]

To my mind, however, TMA's abuse of court processes could not have been perpetrated with impunity if the concerned judges were cautious and prudent in the performance of their duties. Separate administrative investigations should be initiated because of apparent acts of impropriety of (1) former Judge Winlove M. Dumayas for undue delay in resolving the PCSO's motion to quash the preliminary mandatory and prohibitory injunction; and (2) retired Judge Joselito C. Villarosa for granting a motion for execution of his summary judgment on the basis of a writ of preliminary injunction, despite the fact (a) that his Decision dated December 5, 2017, which made permanent the writ of injunction, is still pending appeal; and (b) that the Supreme Court had issued a temporary restraining order against the implementation of a similar court order directing the PCSO to accept the delivery and pay for the prices of the thermal rolls and betting slips, a CJVA which is subject of the complaint for specific performance.

The antecedents are as follows:

On December 4,2009, a CJVA was executed between TMA Australia,^[7] a company based in Australia which specializes in the production of consumables and accountable documents using thermal-coated substrates, and the PCSO,^[8] the government entity created under Republic Act No. 1169 to hold charity sweepstakes and lotteries.

The primary contractual intent of the PCSO and TMA Australia is to enter into a joint venture for the purpose of establishing the first thermal coating plant in the Philippines, and to generally engage in the production and marketing of thermal-coated paper, synthetic substrates and other related products for the primary purpose of export sales with the balance of production capacity to be used for sales in the local market for creation of profit for both parties.

The joint venture has a term of fifty (50) years; however, on the 25^th year and every five (5) years thereafter, both the PCSO and TMA Australia shall enter into best efforts negotiations with the end view of affording more benefits and concessions to the PCSO for the remaining life of the 50-year joint venture; provided that, if no agreement is reached between the parties, the original terms of the joint venture shall continue to be enforced. The contribution of TMA Australia shall be to invest approximately P4.4 billion over the life of the joint venture for the establishment and operation of the first thermal coating plant in the Philippines. For its part, the PCSO shall commit all its thermal paper and other specialized paper products and consumables requirements for all current, future and other gaming activities, for the next 50 years. The profit sharing under the joint venture is 80% after all applicable taxes would go to TMA, while the remaining 20% would go to the PCSO.

On August 20, 2010, the PCSO Board of Directors issued Resolution No. A-00024, series of 2010, which suspended the implementation of the CJVA pending review by the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC).

On April 4, 2011, the OGCC rendered Opinion No. 079, series of 2011, stating that the CJVA was null and void, mainly because the purpose for which it was constituted went beyond the primary corporate purpose, mandate or charter of the PCSO. The OGCC noted that the PCSO has no capital contribution to the joint venture, except for its commitment to purchase thermal paper for the next 50 years, in violation of the provision of the 2008 Guidelines and Procedures for Entering Into Joint Venture Agreement Between Government and Private Entities (JV Guidelines) that requires government contribution in joint ventures to be through assets (including money, equipment, land, intellectual property or anything of value). The OGCC added that the CJVA appeared to be relatively simulated, because while it was apparently a joint venture arrangement for the establishment of a thermal coating plant, the agreement appeared to be, in fact, a Supply Contract, made to appear as a Public-Private Partnership in order to avoid the rigors of public bidding and the audit jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit.

On April 8, 2011, TMA filed with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Makati City the Complaint for Specific Performance and Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction, with Prayer for Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction docketed as Civil Case No. 11-310. TMA prayed for a writ of preliminary mandatory injunction requiring the PCSO to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the CJVA and resume such implementation without delay. TMA also prayed for a temporary restraining order and/or writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction, ordering defendants to cease and desist from performing any act that would lead to or constitute cancellation of the CJVA, including but not limited to the bidding out of its lotto paper requirement.

The case was raffled off to the sala of Judge Dumayas, RTC of Makati City, Branch 59.

On April 13, 2011, Judge Dumayas granted TMA's application for a temporary restraining order upon the posting of a P10,000,000.00 injunctive bond.

On May 13, 2011, Judge Dumayas issued an Order granting TMA's application for Writs of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction and Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, [TMA's] prayer for the issuance of Writs of Preliminary [Mandatory Injunction and Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction is hereby GRANTED. Accordingly, the Branch Clerk of Court, this Court, is hereby ordered to forthwith issue the following: 
 

1)	Writ of Preliminary Injunction directing defendants to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the Joint Venture Agreement and to resume such implementation, without delay; and,
2)	Writ of Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction enjoining defendants to cease and desist from performing any act that will lead to or constitute cancellation of the Joint Venture Agreement and committing any other act that would nullify in effect the implementation of the Joint Venture Agreement, including but not limited to the conduct of any bidding for its lotto paper requirements;

upon posting by [TMA] of an injunctive bond in the amount of PI5,000,000.00 subject to the approval of this Court, to answer to such damages that defendants may suffer if it later turns out that [TMA is] not entitled to the preliminary mandatory and prohibitory injunction.

SO ORDERED.^[9]

On February 21, 2012, the PCSO filed a Motion to Quash Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction.

On March 23, 2012, Judge Dumayas gave the counsel of the PCSO three (3) days within which to file a reply, furnishing the other party a copy thereof, and the latter the same period of time to file a rejoinder, if necessary, after which, the incident shall be submitted for resolution.

On March 29, 2012, the PCSO, through the OGCC, filed its reply.

On June 21, 2012, the PCSO filed a Motion for Early Resolution of the pending Motion to Quash the May 16, 2011 Writ of Preliminary Injunction, Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunctions.

On December 20, 2012, the PCSO filed a Second Motion for Speedy Resolutions (of the Motion to Quash Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunctions long filed on 21 February 2012).

On January 24, 2013, the PCSO filed a Manifestation with Third Motion for Speedy Resolution.

On August 14, 2013, the PCSO filed a Fourth Motion for Speedy Resolution.

On September 4, 2013, Judge Dumayas finally issued a three (3)-page Order denying the PCSO's Motion to Quash Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction.

Meanwhile, the PCSO filed with the Court of Appeals (CA) a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition, assailing the May 13, 2011 and September 4, 2013 Orders of Judge Dumayas, which granted the writs of preliminary mandatory injunction and preliminary prohibitory injunction, and denied the motion to quash the twin injunctive reliefs, respectively.

On October 14, 2013, TMA filed with the RTC an Extremely Urgent Omnibus Motion, praying it to compel the PCSO to issue Purchase Orders for its lottery consumables under such terms provided in the CJVA.

On November 6, 2013, Judge Dumayas granted the motion over the opposition of PCSO, thus:

Without going deeper into the merits of the case, in compliance with the Writ of Injunction earlier issued and to avoid the disruption of the lottery operation of PCSO, which is vested with public interest, this Court orders:

1. Plaintiff to immediately deliver to PCSO the following papers:
   
   

   	Volume	Prices
   Luzon Thermal Rolls	804,000 pieces	Php 357.5967
   Betting Slips:
   6/55	192,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/49	180,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/45	180,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/42	120,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6-D	26,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   4-D	27,600,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   3-D	30,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   EZ2	120,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221

   
   Luzon and Visayas Mindanao Terminals:
   
   

   Terminal Rolls	600,000 pieces	Php 357.59
   		and
   		Php 436.09
   Betting Slips:
   6/42	84,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/45	108,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/49	108,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   4-D	36,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   3-D	96,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   2-D	36,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221
   6/55	96,000,000 pieces	Php 0.4221



2. PCSO is ordered to accept and pay the above goods in accordance with the prices [set forth] in the CJVA including any adjustments provided therein at the time of the issuance of this Order.

SO ORDERED.^[10]

On March 18, 2014, Judge Dumayas voluntarily inhibited himself, and the case was raffled off to the sala of Judge Elpidio R. Calis of Branch 133.

On March 27, 2014, the CA rendered a decision finding no error on the part of Judge Dumayas in issuing the May 13, 2011 and September 4, 2013 Orders, in order to maintain the status quo between the parties in the meantime that the action for specific performance remained pending. Aggrieved, the PCSO questioned the CA decision in G.R. No. 212143.

TMA filed with the RTC a Motion for Execution, praying the court to require the execution on moneys, properties and other assets of the PCSO sufficient to pay for the price of the deliveries in the amount of Eighty-Two Million Pesos (P82,000,000.00), plus interest of twelve percent (12%) from due date of the delivery until the time of payment for deliveries purportedly effected by TMA under the Order of the RTC issued on November 6, 2013.

On June 11, 2014, Judge Calis granted the motion for execution, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motion for Execution is GRANTED. Accordingly, the Court hereby orders the following:

1. Let a Writ of Execution be issued directing the [petitioners] to immediately pay the amount of EIGHTY TWO MILLION THREE HUNDRED FIFTY FOUR THOUSAND THIRTY SEVEN AND 32/100 (PHP82,354,037.32).

2. For this purpose, the Branch Sheriff is directed to execute on the monies, properties and assets of the Defendant PCSO wherever they may be found, in order to satisfy the amount.

SO ORDERED.^[11]

In an Omnibus Motion, the PCSO sought a reconsideration of the June 11, 2014 Order and the quashal of the writ of execution issued pursuant thereto.

On August 12, 2014, Judge Calis denied the Omnibus Motion, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the [petitioners'] Omnibus Motion dated 23 June 2014 is DENIED for lack of merit. With the filing of [petitioners'] Joint Answer Ex Abundanti Ad Cautelam dated May 12, 2011, let the above entitled case be referred to mediation on August 29, 2014, 9 o'clock in the morning before the Philippine Mediation Center, 10^th Floor, Makati City Hall. The proceedings relative to the specific performance and indirect contempt are hereby suspended pending mediation proceedings.

SO ORDERED.^[12]

Aggrieved, the PCSO filed with the CA another Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 137528, seeking to reverse and annul the Orders dated June 11, 2014 and August 12, 2014 of Judge Calis.

On August 1, 2014, TMA filed another Motion for Execution (Pursuant to the Manifestation filed on 18 June 2014), praying for another writ of execution to cover the price of paper deliveries in the amount of P178,139,975.84, plus interest of 12% from due date of delivery. TMA's motion remained unresolved, as the case was referred to mediation and Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR). When the mediation and JDR failed, the case was raffled off to Judge Villarosa of Branch 66.

On October 20, 2014, the Court issued a Resolution granting the PCSO's prayer for temporary restraining order, enjoining the RTC from implementing the Order dated November 6, 2013 which granted TMA's Extremely Urgent Omnibus Motion.

Meanwhile, on February 4, 2016, the CA dismissed the petition in CA-G.R. SP No. 137528 and upheld the Orders dated June 11, 2014 and August 12, 2014 of Judge Calis. With the denial of its motion for reconsideration, the PCSO filed a Petition for Review on Certiorari docketed as G.R. No. 225457.

On August 3, 2017, TMA filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, which was granted by Judge Villarosa.

In a Decision dated December 5, 2017, Judge Villarosa ruled that the writ of preliminary injunction that was earlier issued in the case was substituted by a writ of permanent mandatory and prohibitory injunction. The dispositive portion of the decision reads:

Wherefore, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered granting the reliefs prayed for in the Complaint, as follows:

1. Let a Writ of Permanent Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction be issued to substitute the Writ of Preliminary Mandatory and Prohibitory Injunction, directing defendant PCSO, through its present officers and directors, to immediately lift the suspension of the CJVA and to resume its implementation without delay, to cease and desist from performing any act that will lead to, or cause, the cancellation of the CJVA x x x;
   
   
2. All actions of the PCSO and/or its former/incumbent officers and members of the board, which may have cancelled, or tendered, or caused to cancel the CJVA, through resolutions or any other means, including conflicting transactions or contracts with other parties or entities are nullified;
   
   
3. Defendant PCSO, through its present officers and directors, is directed to fully and faithfully comply with the terms and provisions of the CJVA at all times during its effectivity.^[13]
   

Aggrieved, the PCSO filed a notice of appeal on December 12, 2017.

On December 12, 2017, TMA filed a Motion for Execution of the Decision dated December 5, 2017, asking the RTC to compel the PCSO to issue an order directing the issuance of a writ of execution, requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of the PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of P707,223,555.44, which was claimed by TMA to be the amount of the thermal rolls and betting slips manufactured for the PCSO and ready to be delivered upon a two-day notice.

On January 18, 2018, the RTC granted TMA's motion for execution, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, plaintiffs' Motion for Execution dated December 12, 2017 is hereby GRANTED. Let a Writ of Execution be issued requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of defendant PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of Php707,223,555.44. Further, the subject lotto papers, thermal rolls and bet slips shall remain in the custody of Plaintiffs until defendant PCSO has paid and is ready to accept the same.

SO ORDERED.^[14]

A corresponding writ of execution and notice to comply/pay were issued by Judge Villarosa, prompting the PCSO to directly file with the Court the Petition for Certiorari docketed as G.R. No. 236888.

Eventually, the Court resolved to consolidate the PCSO's petitions docketed as G.R. Nos. 212143, 225457 and 236888, which assailed the orders of Judge Dumayas, Judge Calis and Judge Villarosa.

I concur with the ponencia but administrative investigations should be initiated under the principle of res ipsa loquitur for apparent acts of impropriety committed by former Judge Dumayas and retired Judge Villarosa in connection with the issuance of their assailed orders.

The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur has been applied by the Court in judging an errant Judge's misdeeds.^[15] As held in the case of In re: Petition for Dismissal of Judge Baltazar R. Dizon,^[16] in the Court's res ipsa loquitur resolutions,^[17] there was, on the face of the assailed decisions, an inexplicable grave error bereft of any redeeming feature, a patent railroading of a case to bring about an unjust decision, or a manifestly deliberate intent to wreak an injustice against a hapless party. The facts themselves, previously proven or admitted, were of such a character as to give rise to a strong inference that evil intent was present. Such intent, in short, was clearly deducible from what was already of record. The res ipsa loquitur doctrine does not except or dispense with the necessity of proving the facts on which the inference of evil intent is based. It merely expresses the clearly sound and reasonable conclusion that when such facts are admitted or are already shown by the record, and no credible explanation that would negate the strong inference of evil intent is forthcoming, no further hearing to establish them to support a judgment as to the culpability of a respondent is necessary. When asked to explain the clearly gross ignorance of the law or the grave misconduct irresistibly reflecting on their integrity, the respondent Judges were completely unable to give any credible explanation or to raise reasonable doubt, which have justified a more lenient judgment of their conduct.

In Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Judge Villanueva,^[18] the Court explained that even granting that res ipsa loquitur is appreciable, complainant still has to present proof of malice and bad faith. Respondent judge, on the other hand, may raise good faith as a defense. That good faith is a defense to the charge of knowingly rendering an unjust judgment remains to be the law. He is also given the chance to explain his acts and if such explanation is credible, the court may absolve him of the charge.

In Re: Leaves of Absence Without Approval of Judge Eric T. Calderon,^[19] the Court found that on the basis of the records presented and the result of the medical examination and evaluation report, the respondent Judge's frequent leaves of absence are inexcusable and his explanation devoid of merit. By just going over his record of frequent and prolonged leaves, which caused great disservice to many litigants and denied them speedy justice, the Court concluded that he had habitually abandoned his sala for no justifiable excuse. It also held that patently applicable to his case is the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, i.e., the Court may impose its authority upon erring judges whose actuations, on their face, would show gross incompetence, ignorance of the law, or misconduct.

The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies to this case, and the Court must initiate an administrative investigation for apparent acts of impropriety committed by former Judge Dumayas and retired Judge Villarosa in connection with the issuance of their assailed orders.

For his part, former Judge Dumayas must explain what took him one (1) year, two (2) months and two (2) weeks - from the filing of the first motion for early resolution on June 21, 2012 until September 4, 2013 - to come up with a simple 3-page order denying the PCSO's motion to quash writ of preliminary mandatory and prohibitory injunction. His apparent failure to timely resolve the motion to quash contravenes Section 5,^[20] Rule 58 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended,^[21] which provides that the trial court that issued a writ of preliminary injunction shall decide the main case within six (6) months from the issuance of the writ. Not to mention, the Constitution mandates lower collegiate courts to decide or resolve cases or matters within twelve (12) months from date of submission.^[22]

By his failure to resolve the said motion to quash for a protracted period despite the PCSO's filing of four (4) motions for early resolution, Judge Dumayas seems to have denied the PCSO of any plain, speedy and adequate remedy to assail the grant of the said writs of injunction, and forced it to procure thermal paper and betting slips in accordance with the CJVA, which is being assailed for violation of procurement laws and of the JV Guidelines.

For his part, Judge Villarosa should be taken to task why he granted TMA's Motion for Execution, praying that "an Order directing the issuance of a Writ of Execution requiring the Sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of PCSO sufficient to pay the amount of Php707,223,555.44"^[23] on the basis of a writ of preliminary injunction, despite the fact that he had rendered the Decision dated December 5, 2017, which made permanent such writ of injunction, albeit a notice of appeal was timely filed. To stress, Judge Villarosa ruled that "[t]he right of plaintiffs to be paid by defendant PCSO for the supply of lotto papers does not arise from a judgment of the Decision dated December 5, 2017; rather, it arose from the Writ of Preliminary Injunction. This payment or execution is a mere consequence and a necessary effect of the aforementioned injunction."^[24]

Judge Villarosa would do well to bear in mind that what TMA actually prayed for is a discretionary execution under Section 2, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court, which may only issue upon good reasons to be stated in a special order after due hearing. In Villamor v. NAPOCOR,^[25] the Court discussed the requisites for execution pending appeal, thus:

Execution pending appeal requires the observance of the following requisites: (a) there must be a motion therefor by the prevailing party; (b) there must be a good reason for issuing the writ of execution; and (c) the good reason must be stated in a special order.

The prevailing doctrine as provided for in Section 2, paragraph 3 of Rule 39 of the Rules of Civil Procedure is that discretionary execution is permissible only when good reasons exist for immediately executing the judgment before finality or pending appeal or even before the expiration of the period to appeal. Good reasons consist of compelling circumstances justifying immediate execution lest judgment becomes illusory, or the prevailing party after the lapse of time be unable to enjoy it, considering the tactics of the adverse party who may have apparently no cause but to delay. Such reasons must constitute superior circumstances demanding urgency which will outweigh the injury or damages should the losing party secure a reversal of the judgment. Were it otherwise, execution pending appeal may well become a tool of oppression and inequity instead of an instrument of solicitude and justice.

The execution of judgment pending appeal is an exception to the general rule and must, therefore, be strictly construed. So, too, it is not to be availed of and applied routinely, but only in extraordinary circumstances.

This rule is strictly construed against the movant, for "courts look with disfavor upon any attempt to execute a judgment which has not acquired a final character." In the same vein, the Court has held that such execution "is usually not favored because it affects the rights of the parties which are yet to be ascertained on appeal."

The exercise of the power to grant or deny immediate or advance execution is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. However, the existence of good reasons is indispensable to the grant of execution pending appeal. Absent any such good reason, the special order of execution must be struck down for having been issued with grave abuse of discretion. (Citations omitted.)

That there is a valid and binding Writ of Preliminary Injunction directing the implementation of the CJVA, which to date is valid and binding, and that the obligation of the PCSO to issue the appropriate purchase orders for its lotto paper requirements and to pay for such orders and delivery flows from the CJVA, which is executory at this time, on the basis of the Writ of Preliminary Injunction, do not constitute as extraordinary circumstance to grant an execution pending appeal. Judge Villarosa thus failed to state a good reason for an execution pending appeal of his decision. He cannot rely on the writ of preliminary injunction to justify the grant of TMA's motion for execution, because such preliminary writ was vacated, superseded and replaced by the permanent injunction ordered in his Decision dated December 5, 2017, albeit the same is pending appeal.

Moreover, despite the fact that the case involves substantial amount of PCSO funds (P707,223,555.44) which is vested with public interest, Judge Villarosa failed to exercise prudence when he ignored the Resolution dated October 20,2014 where the Court issued a temporary restraining order against Judge Dumayas' Order dated November 6, 2013, which directed (1) TMA to deliver to the PCSO billions of pieces of thermal rolls and betting slips, and (2) the PCSO to accept and pay the said goods with the prices set forth in the CJVA.^[26]

The Court's October 20, 2014 temporary restraining order effectively restrained the preliminary mandatory injunction, which required the PCSO to immediately lift the suspension of the implementation of the CJVA and resume such implementation without delay. Recall that the November 6, 2013 Order was issued by Judge Dumayas when TMA filed an Extremely Urgent Omnibus Motion because the PCSO refused to heed the conditions set forth in the injunctive writs, and to compel the PCSO to issue purchase order for its lottery consumables under the terms provided in the CJVA. Since Judge Dumayas' November 6, 2013 Order was restrained by the Court, it follows that the writ of execution, directing the PCSO to immediately pay P82,354,037.32, and the Branch Sheriff to execute on the monies, properties and assets of the PCSO, was also restrained. By parity of reasoning, the Court's temporary restraining order extends to the order directing the sheriff to execute on moneys, properties and other assets of the PCSO sufficient to pay the P707,223,555.44 worth of thermal rolls and betting slips. Unfortunately, the Philippine National Bank had already released the amount of P707,223,555.44 through a Manager's Check^[27] dated February 23, 2018, debited against the account of the PCSO, to satisfy the writ of execution issued under Judge Villarosa's questionable order granting TMA's motion for execution.^[28]

In fine, I concur with the ponencia in reversing the decisions of the Court of Appeals, and in declaring void and of no force and effect the following orders of the RTCs of Makati City:

1. the Order dated May 13, 2011 of former Judge Dumayas granting TMA's application for Writs of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction and Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction, which directed the PCSO (a) to immediately lift the suspension and resume the implementation of the CJVA, and (b) to cease and desist performing any act that will lead to or constitute cancellation of the CJVA, and committing any act that would nullify, in effect, the implementation of the questioned CJVA, including but not limited to the conduct of any bidding for its lotto paper requirements;
   
   
2. the Order dated November 6, 2013 of former Judge Dumayas which granted TMA's motion to compel the PCSO to issue purchase order for its lottery consumables, under the terms provided in the questioned CJVA, and ordered the PCSO to accept the delivery and pay for the thermal rolls and betting slips;
   
   
3. the Order dated June 11, 2014 of Judge Calis, granting TMA's motion for execution, and ordering the PCSO to immediately pay P82,354,037.32 for the supply and delivery of thermal papers and betting slips pursuant to the questioned CJVA; and
   
   
4. the Order dated January 18, 2018 of Judge Villarosa which granted TMA's motion for execution, and required the Sheriff to execute on the moneys, properties and other assets of the PCSO sufficient to pay P707,223,555.44.
   

However, separate administrative investigations should be initiated and resolved with dispatch against former Judge Dumayas and retired Judge Villarosa because of their apparent acts of impropriety in connection with the issuance of their nullified orders.

---

^[1] Margarita P. Juico.

^[2] Ma. Aleta L. Tolentino, Mabel V. Mamba, Francisco G. Joaquin III and Betty B. Nantes.

^[3] Jose Ferdinand M. Rojas II.

^[4] Decision, p. 26.

^[5] Id.

^[6] Id.

^[7] Represented in the CJVA by its Managing Director, Anthony Karam.

^[8] Represented in the CJVA by its then Vice Chairperson and General Manager, Rosario C. Uriarte.

^[9] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 122-123.

^[10] Rollo (G.R. No. 225457), pp. 228-229.

^[11] Id. at 333.

^[12] Id. at 391.

^[13] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), p. 337.

^[14] Id. at 52-A.

^[15] En Banc Resolution dated May 3, 1989 in A.M. No. 3086 - In Re: Petition for Dismissal of Judge Baltazar R. Dizon.

^[16] Id.

^[17] People v. Hon. Valenzuela, et al., 220 Phil. 385 (1985); Cathay Pacific Airways v. Hon. Romillo, Jr., 226 Phil. 193 (1986); Prudential Bank v. Judge Castro, 226 Phil. 153 (1986); and Consolidated Bank and Trust Corp. v. Judge Capistrano, 242 Phil. 471 (1988).

^[18] 290 Phil. 488, 503 (1992).

^[19] En Banc Resolution dated January 26, 1999 in A.M. No. 98-8-1050MT.

^[20] Sec. 5 Preliminary injunction not granted without notice; exception. - x x x

x x x x

The trial court, the Court of Appeals, the Sandiganbayan or the Court of Tax Appeals that issued a writ of preliminary injunction against a lower court, board, officer, or quasi-judicial agency shall decide the main case or petition within six (6) months from the issuance of the writ.

^[21] By A.M. No. 07-7-12-SC, December 12, 2007.

^[22] Section 15(1), Article VIII, 1987 Philippine Constitution.

^[23] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), p. 49.

^[24] Id. at 52.

^[25] 484 Phil. 298, 312-314 (2004).

^[26] Rollo (G.R. No. 212143), pp. 228-229.

^[27] Id. at 468.

^[28] Rollo (G.R. No. 236888), pp. 49-52.