SECOND DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 242213, September 18, 2019 ]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. ROGER ENERO, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
DECISION
REYES, J. JR., J.:
This is an appeal filed by Roger Enero (accused-appellant) assailing the Decision[1] dated March 27, 2018 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR HC No. 08097, which convicted him of the crime of Murder.
The Relevant Antecedents
Accused-appellant, together with Mervin Verbo (Mervin), Mario Agbayani (Mario), and John Doe, was charged with the complex crime of robbery with homicide which resulted in the unlawful asportation of personal property and the death of three individuals, namely: Mabel Ulita (Mabel), Medirose Paat (Medirose), and Clark John John Ulita (Clark) in an Information[2] that reads:
At about 9:00 a.m. of the same day, the team of the Regional PNP Crime Laboratory arrived and processed the crime scene. They collected specimens of hair, pubic hair, and latent prints on suspicion that Mabel was raped. They also found a claw hammer on top of the septic tank at the back of the house of the victims. The specimens gathered were brought to the Crime Laboratory and examined.[5]
Bernard Javier (Bernard), one of the witnesses, testified that he was watching television in his house when he heard screams coming from the house of Mabel, which is about 20 meters away from his place. When he peeped through the window, he saw four persons coming out of the house of Mabel and he identified them as their neighbors, accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto Verbo (Ernesto), and Mario, who have noticeable traces of blood on their clothes. He was certain as to their identity because of the light coming from the house of Mabel and from the street.[6]
The following morning, Bernard went to the house of Arnold to narrate to him what he noticed that early morning. They then both decided to go to the house of Mabel as they suspected that the occupants had bangungot. When nobody responded to their call, Arnold threw stones at the house of Mabel to get the attention of the occupants therein. Eventually, Bernard decided to peep on the flooring using the gap between the bottom portion of the door. There, he saw blood scattered on the floor. It was at this time that people started to arrive. Bernard went to the house of SPO3 William Asuncion who immediately responded to the crime scene.[7]
On cross examination, Bernard, however, narrated that he saw about five persons coming out of the house of Mabel. Out of the five persons, he can identify four of them as accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto, and Mario. After seeing them, Bernard went back to sleep.[8]
On the other hand, Arnold testified that on August 10, 2010, he heard loud screams which prompted him to go outside his house and walk towards the road to observe where the screams emanated. Subsequently, he heard the screams coming from Mabel's house and suddenly saw five persons coming out of the house. As the lights were surrounding said house, he was able to ascertain that said five persons were male. However, he failed to identify anyone.[9]
The following morning, Arnold talked to Bernard and relayed to him what he saw in the morning of August 10, 2010. Bernard then told Arnold that he saw four of the five persons coming out of Mabel's house and named them as accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto, and Mario. Arnold then stated that he knew accused-appellant because he is the husband of his niece, while Mervin and Ernesto were his companions in harvesting palay.[10]
On cross-examination, Arnold reiterated that he saw five male persons coming out of Mabel's house after he heard loud screams emanating from said house. He likewise affirmed that he was not able to identify such persons despite the light coming from the house and street lights.[11]
Atty. Cicero Elizaga (Atty. Elizaga) testified that he was called by the police officers to assist Mervin and Ernesto in executing their confession. After informing the latter of their rights and the consequences of a confessional statement, Mervin and Ernesto still proceeded and decided to give the same.[12]
The medico-legal expert who conducted the autopsy on the bodies of the victims was Dr. Cherry Anne Ayunon-Carreon (Dr. Ayunon-Carreon), who found multiple stab wounds on the upper extremities, lower and upper left arm, lower right arm. On the back side, she found wounds in the nape area, right shoulder, left and right scapular area, middle of the back, and right lower back of Medirose.[13]
As to Mabel, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon found multiple stab wounds on the nape area, both on the interior and anterior area, the right clavicular area, the chest, the right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant of the abdomen, all of which are at the frontal side of the victim. At the back of the ventral side, she found seven stab wounds. The fatal wounds are located at the right and lower back part where the kidneys are located. The most serious wound was found on the anterior part of the neck and on both the left and right side of the chest, where the heart and lungs are located. Dr. Ayunon-Carreon reiterated that more than one bladed weapon was used in inflicting wounds upon Mabel.[14]
As to Clark, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon found only one wound on the frontal side located at the right chest. At the back portion, two wounds were found at the right upper and lower back. She also found a hematoma at the left frontal area of the head and an abrasion on the left psychosomatic area.[15]
During cross-examination, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon said that it was possible that one weapon caused the multiple wounds. During re-cross examination, she said that based on the multiple wounds received by the victims, it was not possible that only one assailant caused the same.[16]
For his defense, accused-appellant denied the accusations against him and averred that when he was at the waiting shed, which was 20 meters away from the house of Mabel, he heard screams coming from the northern direction. He then went to said direction and saw Arnold and Bernard. They informed accused-appellant that Mabel was dead. He further testified that Arnold and Bernard peeped through a small opening and saw bodies lying on the ground covered with blood. Accused-appellant likewise peeped through said opening and saw the arm and feet of a person covered with blood. Upon seeing such, he ordered Arnold and Bernard to call the barangay captain and Mabel's brother, as he claimed to be a "private" barangay tanod.[17]
Accused-appellant, likewise, testified that earlier on that day, while he was conditioning his fighting cocks, he saw Mario holding the right side of his stomach and his clothes were torn. He likewise noticed red stains on Mario's shirt and presumed it was blood. He was afraid to inquire as to why Mario's shirt was covered with blood and so he went back to his house to sleep.[18]
The Regional Trial Court (RTC), in a Decision[19] dated January 27, 2016, convicted accused-appellant of the crime as charged. By circumstantial evidence, the RTC found that the prosecution sufficiently proved that robbery with homicide was committed by accused-appellant.
The following circumstances were considered by the trial court in ruling for accused-appellant's conviction: (a) Bernard claimed to have seen the accused-appellant near the place of the incident at the time or near at such time; (b) Bernard's statement was corroborated in some material points by Arnold's testimony that he saw four to five male persons coming out of the fence of Mabel's house; (c) Accused-appellant did not deny that on the date and time of the incident, he was at Palagao, Norte, Gattaran, Cagayan; (d) The investigation of the police officers yielded to the fact that money and jewelry were taken from Mabel's house; and (e) Mervin and Ernesto executed their respective confessions, which implicated accused-appellant in the commission of the robbery and death of the victims.[20]
Notably, the RTC deemed it improper to discuss the existence of conspiracy "considering that only one accused was arraigned and tried."[21] Thus:
The CA found that no evidence was presented to prove that the elements of the crime of robbery were present nor the intent of accused-appellant and his cohorts to rob the place and the killings were only incidental so as to convict accused-appellant of such complex crime.[25]
However, the CA found that the crime of murder, qualified by treachery, was committed, as circumstantial evidence exists which proves that accused-appellant participated in the killing of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose. The fallo thereof reads:
The Issue
Whether or not the guilt of accused-appellant was proven beyond reasonable doubt.
The Court's Ruling
The appeal is impressed with merit.
To successfully prosecute the crime of murder, the following elements must be established; (1) that a person was killed; (2) that the accused killed him or her; (3) that the killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstances mentioned in Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code; and (4) that the killing is not parricide or infanticide.[27]
The existence of the first and the fourth elements is undisputed. However, the determination as to whether the second element is present in this case deserves a re-examination by this Court.
Significantly, accused-appellant's participation in the crime of murder was based on circumstantial evidence. For the latter to be given credence as basis for conviction, it is but indispensable that: (1) there is more than one circumstance; (2) the facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and (3) the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.[28]
Circumstantial evidence presented must constitute an unbroken chain which leads one to a fair and reasonable conclusion pointing to the accused, to the exclusion of the others, as the guilty person.[29] (Emphasis supplied)
Culling the records of the case, this Court finds that the tapestry of circumstances does not merit the conviction of accused-appellant.
Mainly, the factual circumstances which were considered by the RTC and the CA in ruling that accused-appellant committed the killings of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose were as follows: (a) loud screams were heard by witnesses Arnold and Bernard; (b) the screams came from the house of Mabel; (c) Bernard and Arnold saw four to five men coming out of the house of Mabel; (d) Bernard positively identified accused-appellant as one of the men; (e) Bernard and Arnold discovered the dead bodies of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose.
The foregoing narration failed to establish that accused-appellant was the one who committed the killings. The evidence linking accused-appellant to the crime of murder, as held by the CA, was the fact that he was seen by both Bernard and Arnold coming out of Mabel's house after hearing the screams therefrom. However, it is significant to consider that Bernard likewise, testified that there were three to four persons, aside from accused-appellant, who came out from Mabel's house. Thus, the presence of other men does not exclude the possibility that they were the perpetrators. Also, a considerable amount of time had lapsed from the time that Bernard and Arnold saw accused-appellant and his alleged cohorts, to the time that they actually saw the lifeless bodies of the victims. Both Bernard and Arnold testified that they went to the house of Mabel hours after they saw accused-appellant with three or four others. It was unclear as to whether the victims were already dead when they saw accused-appellant and others coming out of Mabel's house or there were others who went inside or outside said house. The endless possibilities which may arise in this case sanction reasonable doubt on accused-appellant's guilt. The conclusion of the RTC and the CA that it was indeed accused-appellant who was the perpetrator of the crime, is a mere speculation and based on conjecture.
Neither can conspiracy be appreciated so as to consider accused-appellant as principal by direct participation. As a rule, once conspiracy is shown, the act of one is the act of all the conspirators.[30] As in all crimes, the existence of conspiracy must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. While direct proof is unnecessary, the same degree of proof necessary in establishing the crime, is required to support the attendance thereof, i.e., it must be shown to exist as clearly and convincingly as the commission of the offense itself.[31]
In this case, however, there is want of evidence proving that all the accused executed concerted acts so as to achieve their common design of killing the victims. In fact, the prosecution seemed to dispense with the theory of conspiracy as there appears no evidence to such effect. The extrajudicial confession executed by Mervin and Ernesto does not bind the accused-appellant as it is considered as hearsay evidence under the res inter alios acta rule. Even the exception to such rule, i.e., an admission made by a conspirator, does not apply here for proof other than said admission is necessary. Here, the lone evidence of conspiracy is such confessional statement of Mervin and Ernesto.[32]
It is a basic principle of constitutional law that the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. Thus, when the prosecution failed to overturn this presumption, this Court is bound by its constitutional duty to render a judgment of acquittal.
While this Court abhors the dreadful fate which had cast upon the victims, to sustain conviction sans proof beyond reasonable doubt is to permit an innocent man's ontological demise.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the appeal is hereby GRANTED. The Decision dated March 27, 2018 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR HC No. 08097 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, accused-appellant ROGER ENERO is hereby ACQUITTED of the crime of murder for failure of the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
His immediate release from the National Penitentiary is hereby ORDERED unless there are other lawful causes warranting his continuing confinement thereat. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is DIRECTED to implement the release of accused-appellant ROGER ENERO in accordance with this decision, and to report on his compliance, within ten (10) days from receipt.
Accused-appellant, together with Mervin Verbo (Mervin), Mario Agbayani (Mario), and John Doe, was charged with the complex crime of robbery with homicide which resulted in the unlawful asportation of personal property and the death of three individuals, namely: Mabel Ulita (Mabel), Medirose Paat (Medirose), and Clark John John Ulita (Clark) in an Information[2] that reads:
That on AUGUST 10, 2010 or thereabout (sic) in the Municipality of Gattaran, province of Cagayan, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, with intent to gain, armed with knives, with violence against or intimidation of persons, conspiring together and helping one another, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously enter the house/residence of Mabel Ulita, once inside took, stole and carted away [P]20,000.00 cash; a gold ring and gold earring with pendant, and by reason or on occasion of the Robbery, the same was aggravated, the above-named accused, with intent to kill, conspiring together and helping one another, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully, and feloniously assault, attack and stab said Mabel Ulita y Bumanglang, Medirose Paat y Berbano, and Clark John Ulita y Bumanglang, a minor, eleven (11) years of age, inflicting upon them multiple stab wounds which caused their deaths, and that the same was further aggravated the act having been accompanied by the Rape of Mabel Ulita.According to SPO3 Dennis Aguilor (SPO3 Aguilor), he received a phone call at about 6:30 a.m. on August 10, 2010, relaying the killing of Mabel, her son Clark, and their housemaid, Medirose. In response to said call, Police Chief Inspector Abraham Lopez (PCI Lopez), Police Inspector Mallillin, Police Inspector Rodante Albano, SPO4 Carlito Supapo, SPO1 Elmer Juan, and the witness proceeded to the crime scene and investigated the area.[4]
CONTRARY TO LAW.[3]
At about 9:00 a.m. of the same day, the team of the Regional PNP Crime Laboratory arrived and processed the crime scene. They collected specimens of hair, pubic hair, and latent prints on suspicion that Mabel was raped. They also found a claw hammer on top of the septic tank at the back of the house of the victims. The specimens gathered were brought to the Crime Laboratory and examined.[5]
Bernard Javier (Bernard), one of the witnesses, testified that he was watching television in his house when he heard screams coming from the house of Mabel, which is about 20 meters away from his place. When he peeped through the window, he saw four persons coming out of the house of Mabel and he identified them as their neighbors, accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto Verbo (Ernesto), and Mario, who have noticeable traces of blood on their clothes. He was certain as to their identity because of the light coming from the house of Mabel and from the street.[6]
The following morning, Bernard went to the house of Arnold to narrate to him what he noticed that early morning. They then both decided to go to the house of Mabel as they suspected that the occupants had bangungot. When nobody responded to their call, Arnold threw stones at the house of Mabel to get the attention of the occupants therein. Eventually, Bernard decided to peep on the flooring using the gap between the bottom portion of the door. There, he saw blood scattered on the floor. It was at this time that people started to arrive. Bernard went to the house of SPO3 William Asuncion who immediately responded to the crime scene.[7]
On cross examination, Bernard, however, narrated that he saw about five persons coming out of the house of Mabel. Out of the five persons, he can identify four of them as accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto, and Mario. After seeing them, Bernard went back to sleep.[8]
On the other hand, Arnold testified that on August 10, 2010, he heard loud screams which prompted him to go outside his house and walk towards the road to observe where the screams emanated. Subsequently, he heard the screams coming from Mabel's house and suddenly saw five persons coming out of the house. As the lights were surrounding said house, he was able to ascertain that said five persons were male. However, he failed to identify anyone.[9]
The following morning, Arnold talked to Bernard and relayed to him what he saw in the morning of August 10, 2010. Bernard then told Arnold that he saw four of the five persons coming out of Mabel's house and named them as accused-appellant, Mervin, Ernesto, and Mario. Arnold then stated that he knew accused-appellant because he is the husband of his niece, while Mervin and Ernesto were his companions in harvesting palay.[10]
On cross-examination, Arnold reiterated that he saw five male persons coming out of Mabel's house after he heard loud screams emanating from said house. He likewise affirmed that he was not able to identify such persons despite the light coming from the house and street lights.[11]
Atty. Cicero Elizaga (Atty. Elizaga) testified that he was called by the police officers to assist Mervin and Ernesto in executing their confession. After informing the latter of their rights and the consequences of a confessional statement, Mervin and Ernesto still proceeded and decided to give the same.[12]
The medico-legal expert who conducted the autopsy on the bodies of the victims was Dr. Cherry Anne Ayunon-Carreon (Dr. Ayunon-Carreon), who found multiple stab wounds on the upper extremities, lower and upper left arm, lower right arm. On the back side, she found wounds in the nape area, right shoulder, left and right scapular area, middle of the back, and right lower back of Medirose.[13]
As to Mabel, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon found multiple stab wounds on the nape area, both on the interior and anterior area, the right clavicular area, the chest, the right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant of the abdomen, all of which are at the frontal side of the victim. At the back of the ventral side, she found seven stab wounds. The fatal wounds are located at the right and lower back part where the kidneys are located. The most serious wound was found on the anterior part of the neck and on both the left and right side of the chest, where the heart and lungs are located. Dr. Ayunon-Carreon reiterated that more than one bladed weapon was used in inflicting wounds upon Mabel.[14]
As to Clark, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon found only one wound on the frontal side located at the right chest. At the back portion, two wounds were found at the right upper and lower back. She also found a hematoma at the left frontal area of the head and an abrasion on the left psychosomatic area.[15]
During cross-examination, Dr. Ayunon-Carreon said that it was possible that one weapon caused the multiple wounds. During re-cross examination, she said that based on the multiple wounds received by the victims, it was not possible that only one assailant caused the same.[16]
For his defense, accused-appellant denied the accusations against him and averred that when he was at the waiting shed, which was 20 meters away from the house of Mabel, he heard screams coming from the northern direction. He then went to said direction and saw Arnold and Bernard. They informed accused-appellant that Mabel was dead. He further testified that Arnold and Bernard peeped through a small opening and saw bodies lying on the ground covered with blood. Accused-appellant likewise peeped through said opening and saw the arm and feet of a person covered with blood. Upon seeing such, he ordered Arnold and Bernard to call the barangay captain and Mabel's brother, as he claimed to be a "private" barangay tanod.[17]
Accused-appellant, likewise, testified that earlier on that day, while he was conditioning his fighting cocks, he saw Mario holding the right side of his stomach and his clothes were torn. He likewise noticed red stains on Mario's shirt and presumed it was blood. He was afraid to inquire as to why Mario's shirt was covered with blood and so he went back to his house to sleep.[18]
The Regional Trial Court (RTC), in a Decision[19] dated January 27, 2016, convicted accused-appellant of the crime as charged. By circumstantial evidence, the RTC found that the prosecution sufficiently proved that robbery with homicide was committed by accused-appellant.
The following circumstances were considered by the trial court in ruling for accused-appellant's conviction: (a) Bernard claimed to have seen the accused-appellant near the place of the incident at the time or near at such time; (b) Bernard's statement was corroborated in some material points by Arnold's testimony that he saw four to five male persons coming out of the fence of Mabel's house; (c) Accused-appellant did not deny that on the date and time of the incident, he was at Palagao, Norte, Gattaran, Cagayan; (d) The investigation of the police officers yielded to the fact that money and jewelry were taken from Mabel's house; and (e) Mervin and Ernesto executed their respective confessions, which implicated accused-appellant in the commission of the robbery and death of the victims.[20]
Notably, the RTC deemed it improper to discuss the existence of conspiracy "considering that only one accused was arraigned and tried."[21] Thus:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the court finds [accused-appellant] ROGER ENERO guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of ROBBERY WITH MULTIPLE HOMICIDE and hereby imposes upon him:On appeal, the CA, in a Decision[23] dated March 27, 2018, maintained that there was no evidence presented which would prove that the complex crime of robbery with homicide took place. Accused-appellant's complicity to such crime, which was entirely based on the extrajudicial confessions of Mervin and Ernesto, remained unproven. Such confessional statements constitute hearsay evidence.[24]
1. The penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA for the death of Mabel Ulita;
2. The penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA for the death of John Clark Ulita;
3. The penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA for the death of Medirose Paat.
The accused is further directed to pay the heirs of Mabel Ulita, Clark John Ulita and Medirose Paat the total amount of Three Hundred Thousand (PhP300,000.00) Pesos as actual damages, Seventy Five Thousand (PhP 75,000.00) each victim as death indemnity; Fifty Thousand Pesos (PhP 50,000.00) pesos each victim as Moral damages and the amount of Twenty Five Thousand (PhP 25,000.00) Pesos each victim as Exemplary Damages and to pay the costs.
Considering that accused Mervin Verbo, Mario Agbayani and John Doe are still at large, let the records of the case be sent to the archived (sic) to be reinstated upon their arrest. For this purpose, let an Alias Warrant of Arrest be issued for their immediate apprehension.
SO ORDERED.[22]
The CA found that no evidence was presented to prove that the elements of the crime of robbery were present nor the intent of accused-appellant and his cohorts to rob the place and the killings were only incidental so as to convict accused-appellant of such complex crime.[25]
However, the CA found that the crime of murder, qualified by treachery, was committed, as circumstantial evidence exists which proves that accused-appellant participated in the killing of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose. The fallo thereof reads:
WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby DENIED. The Decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 8, Aparri, Cagayan in Criminal Case No. 11-10717 is AFFIRMED with MODIFICATIONS.Hence, accused-appellant filed an appeal before this Court.
Accused-Appellant ROGER ENERO is hereby found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the Murder of Mabel Ulita y Bumanglag, Clark John John Ulita y Bumanglag, and Medirose Paat y Berbano and thus he is sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua, without eligibility of parole, for each of the three killings.
The accused-appellant Roger Enero is also held liable for civil damages to the heirs of Mabel Ulita y Bumanglag, Clark John John Ulita y Bumanglag and Medirose Paat y Berbano, separately, in the following amounts:
All amounts awarded, including the temperate damages, shall earn an interest of 6% [per annum] from date of finality of this Decision, until full payment.
- [P] 100,000.00 as civil indemnity ex delicto;
- [P] 100,000.0 as moral damages;
- [P] 100,00.00 as exemplary damages; and
- [P]50,000.00 as temperate damages.
SO ORDERED.[26]
Whether or not the guilt of accused-appellant was proven beyond reasonable doubt.
The appeal is impressed with merit.
To successfully prosecute the crime of murder, the following elements must be established; (1) that a person was killed; (2) that the accused killed him or her; (3) that the killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstances mentioned in Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code; and (4) that the killing is not parricide or infanticide.[27]
The existence of the first and the fourth elements is undisputed. However, the determination as to whether the second element is present in this case deserves a re-examination by this Court.
Significantly, accused-appellant's participation in the crime of murder was based on circumstantial evidence. For the latter to be given credence as basis for conviction, it is but indispensable that: (1) there is more than one circumstance; (2) the facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and (3) the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.[28]
Circumstantial evidence presented must constitute an unbroken chain which leads one to a fair and reasonable conclusion pointing to the accused, to the exclusion of the others, as the guilty person.[29] (Emphasis supplied)
Culling the records of the case, this Court finds that the tapestry of circumstances does not merit the conviction of accused-appellant.
Mainly, the factual circumstances which were considered by the RTC and the CA in ruling that accused-appellant committed the killings of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose were as follows: (a) loud screams were heard by witnesses Arnold and Bernard; (b) the screams came from the house of Mabel; (c) Bernard and Arnold saw four to five men coming out of the house of Mabel; (d) Bernard positively identified accused-appellant as one of the men; (e) Bernard and Arnold discovered the dead bodies of Mabel, Clark, and Medirose.
The foregoing narration failed to establish that accused-appellant was the one who committed the killings. The evidence linking accused-appellant to the crime of murder, as held by the CA, was the fact that he was seen by both Bernard and Arnold coming out of Mabel's house after hearing the screams therefrom. However, it is significant to consider that Bernard likewise, testified that there were three to four persons, aside from accused-appellant, who came out from Mabel's house. Thus, the presence of other men does not exclude the possibility that they were the perpetrators. Also, a considerable amount of time had lapsed from the time that Bernard and Arnold saw accused-appellant and his alleged cohorts, to the time that they actually saw the lifeless bodies of the victims. Both Bernard and Arnold testified that they went to the house of Mabel hours after they saw accused-appellant with three or four others. It was unclear as to whether the victims were already dead when they saw accused-appellant and others coming out of Mabel's house or there were others who went inside or outside said house. The endless possibilities which may arise in this case sanction reasonable doubt on accused-appellant's guilt. The conclusion of the RTC and the CA that it was indeed accused-appellant who was the perpetrator of the crime, is a mere speculation and based on conjecture.
Neither can conspiracy be appreciated so as to consider accused-appellant as principal by direct participation. As a rule, once conspiracy is shown, the act of one is the act of all the conspirators.[30] As in all crimes, the existence of conspiracy must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. While direct proof is unnecessary, the same degree of proof necessary in establishing the crime, is required to support the attendance thereof, i.e., it must be shown to exist as clearly and convincingly as the commission of the offense itself.[31]
In this case, however, there is want of evidence proving that all the accused executed concerted acts so as to achieve their common design of killing the victims. In fact, the prosecution seemed to dispense with the theory of conspiracy as there appears no evidence to such effect. The extrajudicial confession executed by Mervin and Ernesto does not bind the accused-appellant as it is considered as hearsay evidence under the res inter alios acta rule. Even the exception to such rule, i.e., an admission made by a conspirator, does not apply here for proof other than said admission is necessary. Here, the lone evidence of conspiracy is such confessional statement of Mervin and Ernesto.[32]
It is a basic principle of constitutional law that the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. Thus, when the prosecution failed to overturn this presumption, this Court is bound by its constitutional duty to render a judgment of acquittal.
While this Court abhors the dreadful fate which had cast upon the victims, to sustain conviction sans proof beyond reasonable doubt is to permit an innocent man's ontological demise.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the appeal is hereby GRANTED. The Decision dated March 27, 2018 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR HC No. 08097 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, accused-appellant ROGER ENERO is hereby ACQUITTED of the crime of murder for failure of the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
His immediate release from the National Penitentiary is hereby ORDERED unless there are other lawful causes warranting his continuing confinement thereat. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is DIRECTED to implement the release of accused-appellant ROGER ENERO in accordance with this decision, and to report on his compliance, within ten (10) days from receipt.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio, (Chairperson), Caguioa, Lazaro-Javier, and Zalameda, JJ., concur.
* Acting Chief Justice per Special Order No. 2703 dated September 10, 2019.
[1] Penned by Associate Justice Maria Filomena D. Singh, with Associate Justices Sesinando E. Villon and Edwin D. Sorongon, concurring; rollo, pp. 2-30.
[2] CA rollo, p. 16.
[3] Id.
[4] Supra note 1, at 4.
[5] Id.
[6] Id. at 5.
[7] Id. at 5-6.
[8] Id. at 6-7.
[9] Id. at 7.
[10] Id.
[11] Id. at 8.
[12] Id. at 8-9.
[13] Id at 10.
[14] Id.
[15] Id. at 10-11.
[16] Id. at 11.
[17] Id. at 12.
[18] Id. at 12.
[19] Penned by Presiding Judge Nicanor S. Pascual, Jr.; CA rollo, pp. 18-38.
[20] Id. at 32-35.
[21] Id. at 36.
[22] Id. at 37.
[23] Supra note 1.
[24] Rollo, p. 20.
[25] Id. at 18-19.
[26] Id. at 29.
[27] People of the Philippines v. Racal, 817 Phil. 665, 677 ( 2017).
[28] RULES OF COURT. Rule 133, Section 4.
[29] Zabala v. People of the Philippines, 752 Phil. 59, 68 (2015).
[30] People of the Philippines v. Jesalva, 811 Phil. 299, 308, citing People v. Medice, 679 Phil. 338, 349 (2012)
[31] See People of the Philippines v. Anabe, 644 Phil. 261, 278 ( 2010).
[32] People of the Philippines v. Cachuela, 710 Phil. 728, 741 (2013)